WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.160 --> 00:00:06.690 align:start position:0% [Music] 00:00:06.690 --> 00:00:06.700 align:start position:0% 00:00:06.700 --> 00:00:09.190 align:start position:0% [Music] 00:00:09.190 --> 00:00:09.200 align:start position:0% [Music] 00:00:09.200 --> 00:00:12.150 align:start position:0% [Music] to<00:00:10.120> tell<00:00:10.320> you<00:00:10.519> about<00:00:10.759> what<00:00:10.920> we've<00:00:11.200> done<00:00:11.679> with 00:00:12.150 --> 00:00:12.160 align:start position:0% to tell you about what we've done with 00:00:12.160 --> 00:00:14.669 align:start position:0% to tell you about what we've done with um<00:00:12.320> funding<00:00:12.799> from<00:00:13.080> bvy<00:00:13.719> but<00:00:13.960> first<00:00:14.240> I<00:00:14.320> want<00:00:14.440> to 00:00:14.669 --> 00:00:14.679 align:start position:0% um funding from bvy but first I want to 00:00:14.679 --> 00:00:17.990 align:start position:0% um funding from bvy but first I want to explain<00:00:15.120> the<00:00:15.360> context<00:00:15.839> and<00:00:16.359> why<00:00:17.359> I'm<00:00:17.600> so 00:00:17.990 --> 00:00:18.000 align:start position:0% explain the context and why I'm so 00:00:18.000 --> 00:00:22.230 align:start position:0% explain the context and why I'm so concerned<00:00:18.640> about<00:00:19.480> um<00:00:19.720> the<00:00:19.920> risk<00:00:20.359> of<00:00:20.840> unnatural 00:00:22.230 --> 00:00:22.240 align:start position:0% concerned about um the risk of unnatural 00:00:22.240 --> 00:00:24.790 align:start position:0% concerned about um the risk of unnatural pandemics<00:00:23.240> these<00:00:23.400> are<00:00:23.560> just<00:00:23.720> my 00:00:24.790 --> 00:00:24.800 align:start position:0% pandemics these are just my 00:00:24.800 --> 00:00:27.310 align:start position:0% pandemics these are just my declarations<00:00:25.800> I'm<00:00:26.000> a<00:00:26.359> physician<00:00:26.840> and 00:00:27.310 --> 00:00:27.320 align:start position:0% declarations I'm a physician and 00:00:27.320 --> 00:00:29.109 align:start position:0% declarations I'm a physician and infectious<00:00:27.840> disease<00:00:28.240> researcher<00:00:28.880> from 00:00:29.109 --> 00:00:29.119 align:start position:0% infectious disease researcher from 00:00:29.119 --> 00:00:31.710 align:start position:0% infectious disease researcher from Australia 00:00:31.710 --> 00:00:31.720 align:start position:0% Australia 00:00:31.720 --> 00:00:33.990 align:start position:0% Australia um<00:00:31.880> so<00:00:32.040> we<00:00:32.239> hear<00:00:32.520> about<00:00:32.880> epidemics<00:00:33.520> all<00:00:33.760> the 00:00:33.990 --> 00:00:34.000 align:start position:0% um so we hear about epidemics all the 00:00:34.000 --> 00:00:35.950 align:start position:0% um so we hear about epidemics all the time<00:00:34.440> right<00:00:34.680> we<00:00:34.840> hear<00:00:35.079> in<00:00:35.200> the<00:00:35.360> news<00:00:35.719> about 00:00:35.950 --> 00:00:35.960 align:start position:0% time right we hear in the news about 00:00:35.960 --> 00:00:39.590 align:start position:0% time right we hear in the news about Aven<00:00:36.399> flu<00:00:36.879> about<00:00:37.640> impo<00:00:38.640> um<00:00:38.920> we<00:00:39.079> know<00:00:39.360> that 00:00:39.590 --> 00:00:39.600 align:start position:0% Aven flu about impo um we know that 00:00:39.600 --> 00:00:42.190 align:start position:0% Aven flu about impo um we know that these<00:00:39.840> things<00:00:40.120> are<00:00:40.399> never<00:00:40.719> ending<00:00:41.480> there<00:00:42.000> and 00:00:42.190 --> 00:00:42.200 align:start position:0% these things are never ending there and 00:00:42.200 --> 00:00:44.990 align:start position:0% these things are never ending there and actually<00:00:42.480> the<00:00:42.640> data<00:00:42.960> shows<00:00:43.840> the<00:00:44.039> risk<00:00:44.280> of<00:00:44.480> new 00:00:44.990 --> 00:00:45.000 align:start position:0% actually the data shows the risk of new 00:00:45.000 --> 00:00:48.110 align:start position:0% actually the data shows the risk of new emerging<00:00:45.480> infections<00:00:46.079> is<00:00:46.719> increasing<00:00:47.719> really 00:00:48.110 --> 00:00:48.120 align:start position:0% emerging infections is increasing really 00:00:48.120 --> 00:00:50.830 align:start position:0% emerging infections is increasing really important<00:00:48.559> to<00:00:49.160> understand<00:00:49.480> the<00:00:49.800> past<00:00:50.440> and<00:00:50.640> the 00:00:50.830 --> 00:00:50.840 align:start position:0% important to understand the past and the 00:00:50.840 --> 00:00:54.110 align:start position:0% important to understand the past and the present<00:00:51.320> in<00:00:51.480> order<00:00:52.280> to<00:00:53.280> look<00:00:53.480> at<00:00:53.719> what<00:00:53.960> the 00:00:54.110 --> 00:00:54.120 align:start position:0% present in order to look at what the 00:00:54.120 --> 00:00:57.910 align:start position:0% present in order to look at what the risk<00:00:54.440> is<00:00:54.719> in<00:00:54.840> the<00:00:55.520> future<00:00:56.520> and<00:00:56.960> this<00:00:57.199> case<00:00:57.480> is<00:00:57.640> a 00:00:57.910 --> 00:00:57.920 align:start position:0% risk is in the future and this case is a 00:00:57.920 --> 00:01:00.630 align:start position:0% risk is in the future and this case is a really<00:00:58.239> good<00:00:58.480> one<00:00:58.879> because<00:00:59.680> it<00:01:00.039> illustrates 00:01:00.630 --> 00:01:00.640 align:start position:0% really good one because it illustrates 00:01:00.640 --> 00:01:02.549 align:start position:0% really good one because it illustrates all<00:01:00.840> the<00:01:01.120> problems<00:01:01.719> with<00:01:01.879> the<00:01:02.039> medical 00:01:02.549 --> 00:01:02.559 align:start position:0% all the problems with the medical 00:01:02.559 --> 00:01:05.350 align:start position:0% all the problems with the medical community<00:01:03.320> accepting<00:01:04.320> the<00:01:04.600> possibility<00:01:05.159> of 00:01:05.350 --> 00:01:05.360 align:start position:0% community accepting the possibility of 00:01:05.360 --> 00:01:08.310 align:start position:0% community accepting the possibility of unnatural<00:01:06.080> epidemics<00:01:06.760> and<00:01:06.960> this<00:01:07.080> is<00:01:07.479> bagwan 00:01:08.310 --> 00:01:08.320 align:start position:0% unnatural epidemics and this is bagwan 00:01:08.320 --> 00:01:11.149 align:start position:0% unnatural epidemics and this is bagwan Raj<00:01:08.680> Nish<00:01:09.600> whose<00:01:09.920> cult<00:01:10.400> perpetrated<00:01:11.040> the 00:01:11.149 --> 00:01:11.159 align:start position:0% Raj Nish whose cult perpetrated the 00:01:11.159 --> 00:01:13.710 align:start position:0% Raj Nish whose cult perpetrated the biggest<00:01:11.640> documented<00:01:12.360> biot<00:01:12.720> terrorism<00:01:13.280> attack 00:01:13.710 --> 00:01:13.720 align:start position:0% biggest documented biot terrorism attack 00:01:13.720 --> 00:01:15.590 align:start position:0% biggest documented biot terrorism attack in<00:01:13.880> the<00:01:14.080> US<00:01:14.560> in 00:01:15.590 --> 00:01:15.600 align:start position:0% in the US in 00:01:15.600 --> 00:01:18.109 align:start position:0% in the US in 1984<00:01:16.600> uh<00:01:16.759> the<00:01:16.920> public<00:01:17.240> health<00:01:17.520> authorities 00:01:18.109 --> 00:01:18.119 align:start position:0% 1984 uh the public health authorities 00:01:18.119 --> 00:01:20.670 align:start position:0% 1984 uh the public health authorities including<00:01:18.600> the<00:01:18.759> CDC<00:01:19.600> judged<00:01:20.040> that<00:01:20.200> it<00:01:20.280> was<00:01:20.439> a 00:01:20.670 --> 00:01:20.680 align:start position:0% including the CDC judged that it was a 00:01:20.680 --> 00:01:22.910 align:start position:0% including the CDC judged that it was a natural<00:01:21.320> outbreak<00:01:22.320> and<00:01:22.479> there<00:01:22.560> was<00:01:22.680> a 00:01:22.910 --> 00:01:22.920 align:start position:0% natural outbreak and there was a 00:01:22.920 --> 00:01:25.510 align:start position:0% natural outbreak and there was a politician<00:01:23.600> who<00:01:23.960> said<00:01:24.320> no<00:01:24.680> I<00:01:24.799> think<00:01:25.000> the<00:01:25.119> Raj 00:01:25.510 --> 00:01:25.520 align:start position:0% politician who said no I think the Raj 00:01:25.520 --> 00:01:28.069 align:start position:0% politician who said no I think the Raj Nishi<00:01:26.000> did<00:01:26.159> it<00:01:26.759> and<00:01:26.880> he<00:01:27.040> was<00:01:27.240> ridiculed<00:01:27.920> and 00:01:28.069 --> 00:01:28.079 align:start position:0% Nishi did it and he was ridiculed and 00:01:28.079 --> 00:01:31.469 align:start position:0% Nishi did it and he was ridiculed and shouted<00:01:28.640> down<00:01:29.560> uh<00:01:29.680> and<00:01:30.000> even<00:01:30.240> 6<00:01:30.520> months<00:01:30.920> later 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position:0% confession isn't enough to identify an 00:01:39.200 --> 00:01:42.149 align:start position:0% confession isn't enough to identify an unnatural<00:01:40.280> outbreak<00:01:41.280> where<00:01:41.439> does<00:01:41.640> that<00:01:41.840> leave 00:01:42.149 --> 00:01:42.159 align:start position:0% unnatural outbreak where does that leave 00:01:42.159 --> 00:01:44.510 align:start position:0% unnatural outbreak where does that leave us<00:01:42.680> and<00:01:42.799> then<00:01:42.920> a<00:01:43.040> full<00:01:43.320> 12<00:01:43.680> months<00:01:44.000> later<00:01:44.360> the 00:01:44.510 --> 00:01:44.520 align:start position:0% us and then a full 12 months later the 00:01:44.520 --> 00:01:47.670 align:start position:0% us and then a full 12 months later the FBI<00:01:45.119> was<00:01:45.320> doing<00:01:45.560> a<00:01:46.439> raid<00:01:46.759> on<00:01:46.960> the<00:01:47.079> ranch<00:01:47.399> of<00:01:47.560> the 00:01:47.670 --> 00:01:47.680 align:start position:0% FBI was doing a raid on the ranch of the 00:01:47.680 --> 00:01:50.749 align:start position:0% FBI was doing a raid on the ranch of the Raj<00:01:48.079> Nishi<00:01:48.520> and<00:01:49.200> came<00:01:49.439> across<00:01:49.920> their<00:01:50.159> illegal 00:01:50.749 --> 00:01:50.759 align:start position:0% Raj Nishi and came across their illegal 00:01:50.759 --> 00:01:53.270 align:start position:0% Raj Nishi and came across their illegal biolab<00:01:51.600> which<00:01:51.799> had<00:01:52.079> far<00:01:52.320> more<00:01:52.640> dangerous 00:01:53.270 --> 00:01:53.280 align:start position:0% biolab which had far more dangerous 00:01:53.280 --> 00:01:55.670 align:start position:0% biolab which had far more dangerous pathogens<00:01:53.759> in<00:01:53.960> it<00:01:54.520> than<00:01:54.719> the<00:01:54.840> one<00:01:55.079> they<00:01:55.280> used 00:01:55.670 --> 00:01:55.680 align:start position:0% pathogens in it than the one they used 00:01:55.680 --> 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00:02:04.000 align:start position:0% the inability of the medical and Public 00:02:04.000 --> 00:02:06.789 align:start position:0% the inability of the medical and Public Health<00:02:04.320> Community<00:02:05.320> to<00:02:05.680> ask<00:02:06.039> the<00:02:06.320> question 00:02:06.789 --> 00:02:06.799 align:start position:0% Health Community to ask the question 00:02:06.799 --> 00:02:08.710 align:start position:0% Health Community to ask the question even<00:02:07.159> about<00:02:07.479> what<00:02:07.640> is<00:02:07.840> the<00:02:07.960> origin<00:02:08.319> of<00:02:08.520> this 00:02:08.710 --> 00:02:08.720 align:start position:0% even about what is the origin of this 00:02:08.720 --> 00:02:11.270 align:start position:0% even about what is the origin of this epidemic<00:02:09.280> let<00:02:09.479> alone<00:02:09.920> identify<00:02:10.520> unnatural 00:02:11.270 --> 00:02:11.280 align:start position:0% epidemic let alone identify unnatural 00:02:11.280 --> 00:02:15.190 align:start position:0% epidemic let alone identify unnatural ones<00:02:12.280> San<00:02:12.599> Francisco<00:02:13.319> in<00:02:13.440> the<00:02:13.720> 1950s<00:02:14.720> the<00:02:14.920> US 00:02:15.190 --> 00:02:15.200 align:start position:0% ones San Francisco in the 1950s the US 00:02:15.200 --> 00:02:18.589 align:start position:0% ones San Francisco in the 1950s the US military<00:02:15.720> sprayed<00:02:16.319> bacteria<00:02:17.280> over<00:02:18.280> from<00:02:18.480> a 00:02:18.589 --> 00:02:18.599 align:start position:0% military sprayed bacteria over from a 00:02:18.599 --> 00:02:20.670 align:start position:0% military sprayed bacteria over from a ship<00:02:18.840> in<00:02:19.000> the<00:02:19.120> ocean<00:02:19.640> over<00:02:19.879> the<00:02:20.080> a<00:02:20.280> of<00:02:20.440> San 00:02:20.670 --> 00:02:20.680 align:start position:0% ship in the ocean over the a of San 00:02:20.680 --> 00:02:22.750 align:start position:0% ship in the ocean over the a of San Francisco<00:02:21.480> to<00:02:21.640> see<00:02:21.920> how<00:02:22.120> far<00:02:22.400> they<00:02:22.519> could 00:02:22.750 --> 00:02:22.760 align:start position:0% Francisco to see how far they could 00:02:22.760 --> 00:02:26.309 align:start position:0% Francisco to see how far they could disperse<00:02:23.640> a<00:02:23.879> biological<00:02:24.599> weapon<00:02:25.599> and<00:02:26.040> people 00:02:26.309 --> 00:02:26.319 align:start position:0% disperse a biological weapon and people 00:02:26.319 --> 00:02:28.110 align:start position:0% disperse a biological weapon and people did<00:02:26.560> get<00:02:26.840> they<00:02:26.959> thought<00:02:27.200> the<00:02:27.360> bacteria<00:02:27.879> was 00:02:28.110 --> 00:02:28.120 align:start position:0% did get they thought the bacteria was 00:02:28.120 --> 00:02:30.630 align:start position:0% did get they thought the bacteria was harmless<00:02:28.840> but<00:02:29.120> people<00:02:29.360> did<00:02:29.560> get<00:02:29.959> sick<00:02:30.160> and<00:02:30.360> one 00:02:30.630 --> 00:02:30.640 align:start position:0% harmless but people did get sick and one 00:02:30.640 --> 00:02:33.309 align:start position:0% harmless but people did get sick and one person<00:02:31.080> died<00:02:31.920> no<00:02:32.120> one<00:02:32.319> knew<00:02:32.640> anything<00:02:33.000> about 00:02:33.309 --> 00:02:33.319 align:start position:0% person died no one knew anything about 00:02:33.319 --> 00:02:35.589 align:start position:0% person died no one knew anything about this<00:02:33.560> until<00:02:33.959> 30<00:02:34.400> years<00:02:34.760> later<00:02:35.120> when<00:02:35.280> a 00:02:35.589 --> 00:02:35.599 align:start position:0% this until 30 years later when a 00:02:35.599 --> 00:02:38.710 align:start position:0% this until 30 years later when a journalist<00:02:36.200> uncovered<00:02:36.840> the<00:02:37.160> truth<00:02:38.160> um<00:02:38.560> and 00:02:38.710 --> 00:02:38.720 align:start position:0% journalist uncovered the truth um and 00:02:38.720 --> 00:02:41.030 align:start position:0% journalist uncovered the truth um and the<00:02:38.879> medical<00:02:39.319> community<00:02:39.840> did<00:02:40.040> not<00:02:40.400> recognize 00:02:41.030 --> 00:02:41.040 align:start position:0% the medical community did not recognize 00:02:41.040 --> 00:02:43.630 align:start position:0% the medical community did not recognize that<00:02:41.159> it<00:02:41.280> was<00:02:41.400> an<00:02:41.599> unnatural<00:02:42.480> outbreak<00:02:43.480> then 00:02:43.630 --> 00:02:43.640 align:start position:0% that it was an unnatural outbreak then 00:02:43.640 --> 00:02:46.070 align:start position:0% that it was an unnatural outbreak then in<00:02:43.760> the<00:02:43.959> 60s<00:02:44.519> the<00:02:44.680> US<00:02:44.959> military<00:02:45.400> dropped<00:02:45.760> light 00:02:46.070 --> 00:02:46.080 align:start position:0% in the 60s the US military dropped light 00:02:46.080 --> 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actual Anthrax but a<00:02:53.959> similar<00:02:54.400> related<00:02:54.959> bacteria<00:02:55.959> to<00:02:56.120> see<00:02:56.480> how 00:02:56.710 --> 00:02:56.720 align:start position:0% a similar related bacteria to see how 00:02:56.720 --> 00:03:00.670 align:start position:0% a similar related bacteria to see how the<00:02:56.879> spores<00:02:57.280> would<00:02:57.560> disperse<00:02:58.280> in<00:02:58.519> the<00:02:59.040> um 00:03:00.670 --> 00:03:00.680 align:start position:0% the spores would disperse in the um 00:03:00.680 --> 00:03:03.670 align:start position:0% the spores would disperse in the um tunnels<00:03:01.680> um<00:03:01.840> in<00:03:01.959> the<00:03:02.159> Soviet<00:03:02.599> Union<00:03:03.159> an<00:03:03.319> island 00:03:03.670 --> 00:03:03.680 align:start position:0% tunnels um in the Soviet Union an island 00:03:03.680 --> 00:03:05.910 align:start position:0% tunnels um in the Soviet Union an island called<00:03:03.959> vros<00:03:04.560> Dena<00:03:05.040> was<00:03:05.239> used<00:03:05.640> as<00:03:05.760> a 00:03:05.910 --> 00:03:05.920 align:start position:0% called vros Dena was used as a 00:03:05.920 --> 00:03:09.070 align:start position:0% called vros Dena was used as a biological<00:03:06.560> weapons<00:03:07.440> testing<00:03:08.040> facility<00:03:08.799> and 00:03:09.070 --> 00:03:09.080 align:start position:0% biological weapons testing facility and 00:03:09.080 --> 00:03:13.190 align:start position:0% biological weapons testing facility and in<00:03:09.519> 1979<00:03:10.519> they<00:03:10.799> exploded<00:03:11.360> a<00:03:11.680> small<00:03:12.080> pox<00:03:12.400> bomb 00:03:13.190 --> 00:03:13.200 align:start position:0% in 1979 they exploded a small pox bomb 00:03:13.200 --> 00:03:15.789 align:start position:0% in 1979 they exploded a small pox bomb on<00:03:13.440> this<00:03:13.680> island<00:03:14.480> there<00:03:14.599> was<00:03:14.720> a<00:03:14.879> ship<00:03:15.319> passing 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align:start position:0% of small pox a highly fatal outbreak in 00:03:25.400 --> 00:03:28.070 align:start position:0% of small pox a highly fatal outbreak in the<00:03:25.599> town<00:03:25.840> of<00:03:26.159> Aral<00:03:27.159> and<00:03:27.319> there's<00:03:27.599> numerous 00:03:28.070 --> 00:03:28.080 align:start position:0% the town of Aral and there's numerous 00:03:28.080 --> 00:03:31.789 align:start position:0% the town of Aral and there's numerous other<00:03:28.519> examples<00:03:29.120> including<00:03:30.080> um<00:03:30.599> a<00:03:31.040> a<00:03:31.319> pandemic 00:03:31.789 --> 00:03:31.799 align:start position:0% other examples including um a a pandemic 00:03:31.799 --> 00:03:34.830 align:start position:0% other examples including um a a pandemic of<00:03:31.959> flu<00:03:32.519> that<00:03:33.120> occurred<00:03:33.519> in<00:03:33.680> the<00:03:33.840> 70s<00:03:34.640> which 00:03:34.830 --> 00:03:34.840 align:start position:0% of flu that occurred in the 70s which 00:03:34.840 --> 00:03:38.350 align:start position:0% of flu that occurred in the 70s which was<00:03:35.280> traced<00:03:35.799> back<00:03:36.120> to<00:03:36.959> an<00:03:37.239> improperly 00:03:38.350 --> 00:03:38.360 align:start position:0% was traced back to an improperly 00:03:38.360 --> 00:03:41.710 align:start position:0% was traced back to an improperly inactivated<00:03:39.360> vaccine<00:03:39.959> strain<00:03:40.360> of<00:03:40.560> the<00:03:40.760> virus 00:03:41.710 --> 00:03:41.720 align:start position:0% inactivated vaccine strain of the virus 00:03:41.720 --> 00:03:44.750 align:start position:0% inactivated vaccine strain of the virus and<00:03:41.879> for<00:03:42.159> 30<00:03:42.720> years<00:03:43.319> scientists<00:03:43.959> kept<00:03:44.200> saying 00:03:44.750 --> 00:03:44.760 align:start position:0% and for 30 years scientists kept saying 00:03:44.760 --> 00:03:48.630 align:start position:0% and for 30 years scientists kept saying denying<00:03:45.280> that<00:03:45.400> it<00:03:45.519> was<00:03:45.640> an<00:03:45.840> unnatural 00:03:48.630 --> 00:03:48.640 align:start position:0% 00:03:48.640 --> 00:03:52.149 align:start position:0% outbreak<00:03:49.640> um<00:03:49.840> this<00:03:50.040> man<00:03:50.519> Ken<00:03:50.799> albeck<00:03:51.720> was<00:03:51.920> the 00:03:52.149 --> 00:03:52.159 align:start position:0% outbreak um this man Ken albeck was the 00:03:52.159 --> 00:03:54.789 align:start position:0% outbreak um this man Ken albeck was the deputy<00:03:52.599> director<00:03:53.040> of<00:03:53.200> the<00:03:53.360> Soviet<00:03:53.840> Union's 00:03:54.789 --> 00:03:54.799 align:start position:0% deputy director of the Soviet Union's 00:03:54.799 --> 00:03:58.149 align:start position:0% deputy director of the Soviet Union's bioweapons<00:03:55.799> program<00:03:56.480> bio<00:03:56.879> preparat<00:03:57.599> and<00:03:57.799> he 00:03:58.149 --> 00:03:58.159 align:start position:0% bioweapons program bio preparat and he 00:03:58.159 --> 00:04:00.509 align:start position:0% bioweapons program bio preparat and he wrote<00:03:58.480> defected<00:03:58.959> to<00:03:59.120> the<00:03:59.239> US<00:03:59.560> and<00:03:59.920> wrote<00:04:00.280> this 00:04:00.509 --> 00:04:00.519 align:start position:0% wrote defected to the US and wrote this 00:04:00.519 --> 00:04:02.789 align:start position:0% wrote defected to the US and wrote this book<00:04:01.280> which<00:04:01.439> really<00:04:01.720> details<00:04:02.400> some<00:04:02.519> of<00:04:02.640> the 00:04:02.789 --> 00:04:02.799 align:start position:0% book which really details some of the 00:04:02.799 --> 00:04:04.949 align:start position:0% book which really details some of the pretty<00:04:03.360> mindblowing<00:04:04.360> things<00:04:04.640> they<00:04:04.799> were 00:04:04.949 --> 00:04:04.959 align:start position:0% pretty mindblowing things they were 00:04:04.959 --> 00:04:07.830 align:start position:0% pretty mindblowing things they were trying<00:04:05.200> to<00:04:05.360> do<00:04:05.599> in<00:04:05.760> the<00:04:05.920> 60s<00:04:06.360> and<00:04:06.560> the<00:04:06.720> 70s<00:04:07.439> when 00:04:07.830 --> 00:04:07.840 align:start position:0% trying to do in the 60s and the 70s when 00:04:07.840 --> 00:04:10.229 align:start position:0% trying to do in the 60s and the 70s when the<00:04:07.959> tools<00:04:08.360> were<00:04:08.640> much<00:04:08.799> more<00:04:09.079> clumsy<00:04:10.040> than 00:04:10.229 --> 00:04:10.239 align:start position:0% the tools were much more clumsy than 00:04:10.239 --> 00:04:12.270 align:start position:0% the tools were much more clumsy than what<00:04:10.400> we<00:04:10.599> have<00:04:10.840> today<00:04:11.599> so<00:04:11.799> they<00:04:11.879> were<00:04:12.079> trying 00:04:12.270 --> 00:04:12.280 align:start position:0% what we have today so they were trying 00:04:12.280 --> 00:04:14.710 align:start position:0% what we have today so they were trying to<00:04:12.439> engineer<00:04:13.079> even<00:04:13.360> more<00:04:13.599> fatal<00:04:14.120> versions<00:04:14.519> of 00:04:14.710 --> 00:04:14.720 align:start position:0% to engineer even more fatal versions of 00:04:14.720 --> 00:04:17.870 align:start position:0% to engineer even more fatal versions of small<00:04:15.159> pox<00:04:15.400> shorten<00:04:15.879> the<00:04:16.079> incubation<00:04:16.880> period 00:04:17.870 --> 00:04:17.880 align:start position:0% small pox shorten the incubation period 00:04:17.880 --> 00:04:21.270 align:start position:0% small pox shorten the incubation period and<00:04:18.079> to<00:04:18.840> combine<00:04:19.440> genes<00:04:20.079> from<00:04:20.400> small<00:04:20.919> poox 00:04:21.270 --> 00:04:21.280 align:start position:0% and to combine genes from small poox 00:04:21.280 --> 00:04:24.230 align:start position:0% and to combine genes from small poox with<00:04:21.759> other<00:04:22.079> deadly<00:04:22.560> viruses<00:04:23.199> like<00:04:23.360> Lassa 00:04:24.230 --> 00:04:24.240 align:start position:0% with other deadly viruses like Lassa 00:04:24.240 --> 00:04:27.390 align:start position:0% with other deadly viruses like Lassa fever<00:04:25.240> and<00:04:25.440> if<00:04:25.560> they<00:04:25.720> were<00:04:25.880> doing<00:04:26.199> that<00:04:26.400> today 00:04:27.390 --> 00:04:27.400 align:start position:0% fever and if they were doing that today 00:04:27.400 --> 00:04:29.830 align:start position:0% fever and if they were doing that today it's<00:04:27.600> just<00:04:27.800> so<00:04:28.080> easy<00:04:28.360> to<00:04:28.520> do<00:04:28.720> it<00:04:29.080> whereas<00:04:29.440> back 00:04:29.830 --> 00:04:29.840 align:start position:0% it's just so easy to do it whereas back 00:04:29.840 --> 00:04:32.270 align:start position:0% it's just so easy to do it whereas back then<00:04:30.120> fortunately<00:04:30.800> it<00:04:30.919> was<00:04:31.440> much<00:04:31.600> more 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being and of course Human 00:04:41.080 --> 00:04:45.350 align:start position:0% plant a human being and of course Human Genome<00:04:41.560> editing<00:04:42.080> started<00:04:42.520> in<00:04:43.240> 2016<00:04:44.240> in<00:04:44.440> 2018<00:04:45.160> a 00:04:45.350 --> 00:04:45.360 align:start position:0% Genome editing started in 2016 in 2018 a 00:04:45.360 --> 00:04:48.189 align:start position:0% Genome editing started in 2016 in 2018 a Chinese<00:04:45.960> scientist<00:04:46.560> caused<00:04:46.919> an<00:04:47.120> uproar<00:04:48.000> by 00:04:48.189 --> 00:04:48.199 align:start position:0% Chinese scientist caused an uproar by 00:04:48.199 --> 00:04:50.390 align:start position:0% Chinese scientist caused an uproar by not<00:04:48.360> only<00:04:48.720> editing<00:04:49.199> two<00:04:49.560> embryos<00:04:50.199> but 00:04:50.390 --> 00:04:50.400 align:start position:0% not only editing two embryos but 00:04:50.400 --> 00:04:52.870 align:start position:0% not only editing two embryos but bringing<00:04:50.759> them<00:04:50.919> to<00:04:51.240> B<00:04:51.960> those<00:04:52.199> children<00:04:52.600> being 00:04:52.870 --> 00:04:52.880 align:start position:0% bringing them to B those children being 00:04:52.880 --> 00:04:55.310 align:start position:0% bringing them to B those children being born<00:04:53.759> he<00:04:53.960> presented<00:04:54.440> the<00:04:54.600> results<00:04:54.919> at<00:04:55.080> a 00:04:55.310 --> 00:04:55.320 align:start position:0% born he presented the results at a 00:04:55.320 --> 00:04:57.670 align:start position:0% born he presented the results at a conference<00:04:56.320> and<00:04:56.520> there<00:04:56.639> was<00:04:56.840> this<00:04:57.080> enormous 00:04:57.670 --> 00:04:57.680 align:start position:0% conference and there was this enormous 00:04:57.680 --> 00:05:00.550 align:start position:0% conference and there was this enormous faux<00:04:58.199> outrage<00:04:58.960> by<00:04:59.080> the<00:04:59.199> whole<00:04:59.720> Global 00:05:00.550 --> 00:05:00.560 align:start position:0% faux outrage by the whole Global 00:05:00.560 --> 00:05:03.830 align:start position:0% faux outrage by the whole Global Community<00:05:01.560> uh<00:05:01.800> but<00:05:02.160> very<00:05:02.479> soon<00:05:02.919> afterwards 00:05:03.830 --> 00:05:03.840 align:start position:0% Community uh but very soon afterwards 00:05:03.840 --> 00:05:06.189 align:start position:0% Community uh but very soon afterwards the<00:05:04.240> all<00:05:04.440> the<00:05:04.600> superpowers<00:05:05.320> jumped<00:05:05.680> on<00:05:05.880> board 00:05:06.189 --> 00:05:06.199 align:start position:0% the all the superpowers jumped on board 00:05:06.199 --> 00:05:08.830 align:start position:0% the all the superpowers jumped on board into<00:05:06.560> what<00:05:06.840> I<00:05:06.960> think<00:05:07.160> is<00:05:07.280> the<00:05:07.440> new<00:05:07.720> arms<00:05:08.080> race 00:05:08.830 --> 00:05:08.840 align:start position:0% into what I think is the new arms race 00:05:08.840 --> 00:05:11.469 align:start position:0% into what I think is the new arms race which<00:05:09.000> is<00:05:09.199> engineering<00:05:09.720> of<00:05:09.960> human<00:05:10.320> beings<00:05:11.320> um 00:05:11.469 --> 00:05:11.479 align:start position:0% which is engineering of human beings um 00:05:11.479 --> 00:05:14.390 align:start position:0% which is engineering of human beings um in<00:05:11.600> the<00:05:12.280> UK<00:05:13.280> and<00:05:13.400> of<00:05:13.520> course<00:05:13.680> the<00:05:13.840> objective<00:05:14.280> is 00:05:14.390 --> 00:05:14.400 align:start position:0% in the UK and of course the objective is 00:05:14.400 --> 00:05:17.710 align:start position:0% in the UK and of course the objective is to<00:05:14.600> engineer<00:05:15.120> super<00:05:15.759> soldiers<00:05:16.759> um<00:05:16.919> in<00:05:17.080> the<00:05:17.240> UK 00:05:17.710 --> 00:05:17.720 align:start position:0% to engineer super soldiers um in the UK 00:05:17.720 --> 00:05:20.070 align:start position:0% to engineer super soldiers um in the UK you<00:05:17.880> can't<00:05:18.160> even<00:05:18.759> uh<00:05:18.919> request<00:05:19.360> a<00:05:19.560> Freedom<00:05:19.880> of 00:05:20.070 --> 00:05:20.080 align:start position:0% you can't even uh request a Freedom of 00:05:20.080 --> 00:05:22.189 align:start position:0% you can't even uh request a Freedom of Information<00:05:20.840> you<00:05:21.000> can<00:05:21.160> never<00:05:21.440> find<00:05:21.720> out<00:05:22.000> what 00:05:22.189 --> 00:05:22.199 align:start position:0% Information you can never find out what 00:05:22.199 --> 00:05:24.469 align:start position:0% Information you can never find out what they're<00:05:22.400> doing<00:05:23.360> so<00:05:23.560> you<00:05:23.720> can<00:05:23.960> bypass 00:05:24.469 --> 00:05:24.479 align:start position:0% they're doing so you can bypass 00:05:24.479 --> 00:05:26.830 align:start position:0% they're doing so you can bypass mandelian<00:05:25.160> inheritance<00:05:25.840> you<00:05:25.960> can<00:05:26.199> insert 00:05:26.830 --> 00:05:26.840 align:start position:0% mandelian inheritance you can insert 00:05:26.840 --> 00:05:29.710 align:start position:0% mandelian inheritance you can insert hereditable<00:05:27.919> characteristics<00:05:28.919> you<00:05:29.039> can<00:05:29.280> Prim 00:05:29.710 --> 00:05:29.720 align:start position:0% hereditable characteristics you can Prim 00:05:29.720 --> 00:05:32.590 align:start position:0% hereditable characteristics you can Prim a<00:05:29.840> whole<00:05:30.199> population<00:05:31.120> in<00:05:31.479> the<00:05:31.680> type<00:05:31.880> of<00:05:32.120> attack 00:05:32.590 --> 00:05:32.600 align:start position:0% a whole population in the type of attack 00:05:32.600 --> 00:05:35.909 align:start position:0% a whole population in the type of attack that<00:05:32.800> could<00:05:32.960> be<00:05:33.160> done<00:05:33.639> today<00:05:34.639> includes<00:05:35.639> um<00:05:35.800> you 00:05:35.909 --> 00:05:35.919 align:start position:0% that could be done today includes um you 00:05:35.919 --> 00:05:37.830 align:start position:0% that could be done today includes um you know<00:05:36.120> releasing<00:05:36.960> something<00:05:37.400> that<00:05:37.520> would 00:05:37.830 --> 00:05:37.840 align:start position:0% know releasing something that would 00:05:37.840 --> 00:05:40.029 align:start position:0% know releasing something that would prime<00:05:38.199> a<00:05:38.440> population<00:05:39.000> to<00:05:39.199> make<00:05:39.400> them<00:05:39.639> more 00:05:40.029 --> 00:05:40.039 align:start position:0% prime a population to make them more 00:05:40.039 --> 00:05:43.309 align:start position:0% prime a population to make them more vulnerable<00:05:41.039> and<00:05:41.199> then<00:05:41.360> a<00:05:41.560> second<00:05:42.000> attack<00:05:42.520> with 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research<00:05:51.960> has<00:05:52.199> dual<00:05:52.600> use<00:05:53.039> potential<00:05:53.960> so 00:05:54.230 --> 00:05:54.240 align:start position:0% research has dual use potential so 00:05:54.240 --> 00:05:57.629 align:start position:0% research has dual use potential so mostly<00:05:54.639> it's<00:05:55.039> used<00:05:55.360> for<00:05:55.600> good<00:05:56.560> um<00:05:56.960> but<00:05:57.199> it<00:05:57.360> can 00:05:57.629 --> 00:05:57.639 align:start position:0% mostly it's used for good um but it can 00:05:57.639 --> 00:06:00.469 align:start position:0% mostly it's used for good um but it can also<00:05:57.919> be<00:05:58.120> used<00:05:58.479> for<00:05:58.759> harm<00:05:59.479> and<00:05:59.720> and<00:06:00.080> we<00:06:00.280> could 00:06:00.469 --> 00:06:00.479 align:start position:0% also be used for harm and and we could 00:06:00.479 --> 00:06:03.469 align:start position:0% also be used for harm and and we could be<00:06:00.639> living<00:06:01.039> in<00:06:01.360> a<00:06:01.600> Jurassic<00:06:02.199> Park<00:06:02.520> of<00:06:02.800> viruses 00:06:03.469 --> 00:06:03.479 align:start position:0% be living in a Jurassic Park of viruses 00:06:03.479 --> 00:06:05.350 align:start position:0% be living in a Jurassic Park of viruses and<00:06:03.680> not<00:06:03.880> even<00:06:04.160> know 00:06:05.350 --> 00:06:05.360 align:start position:0% and not even know 00:06:05.360 --> 00:06:08.749 align:start position:0% and not even know it<00:06:06.360> in<00:06:06.720> the<00:06:06.880> first<00:06:07.240> synthetic<00:06:07.800> virus<00:06:08.280> was<00:06:08.479> made 00:06:08.749 --> 00:06:08.759 align:start position:0% it in the first synthetic virus was made 00:06:08.759 --> 00:06:12.909 align:start position:0% it in the first synthetic virus was made in<00:06:08.960> 2020<00:06:09.720> and<00:06:09.880> it<00:06:10.000> was<00:06:10.440> uh<00:06:11.080> in<00:06:11.479> 2002<00:06:12.039> sorry<00:06:12.479> 20 00:06:12.909 --> 00:06:12.919 align:start position:0% in 2020 and it was uh in 2002 sorry 20 00:06:12.919 --> 00:06:16.870 align:start position:0% in 2020 and it was uh in 2002 sorry 20 25<00:06:13.400> years<00:06:13.680> ago<00:06:14.680> about<00:06:15.000> 25<00:06:15.440> years<00:06:15.680> ago<00:06:16.120> by<00:06:16.520> some 00:06:16.870 --> 00:06:16.880 align:start position:0% 25 years ago about 25 years ago by some 00:06:16.880 --> 00:06:19.589 align:start position:0% 25 years ago about 25 years ago by some American<00:06:17.599> scientists<00:06:18.599> who<00:06:18.880> created<00:06:19.360> a 00:06:19.589 --> 00:06:19.599 align:start position:0% American scientists who created a 00:06:19.599 --> 00:06:22.990 align:start position:0% American scientists who created a synthetic<00:06:20.120> version<00:06:20.440> of<00:06:21.319> um 00:06:22.990 --> 00:06:23.000 align:start position:0% synthetic version of um 00:06:23.000 --> 00:06:25.670 align:start position:0% synthetic version of um polio<00:06:24.000> and<00:06:24.560> then<00:06:24.720> some<00:06:24.960> Australian 00:06:25.670 --> 00:06:25.680 align:start position:0% polio and then some Australian 00:06:25.680 --> 00:06:29.029 align:start position:0% polio and then some Australian scientists<00:06:26.440> created<00:06:26.840> a<00:06:27.080> version<00:06:27.520> of<00:06:28.240> um<00:06:28.520> a<00:06:28.720> Rel 00:06:29.029 --> 00:06:29.039 align:start position:0% scientists created a version of um a Rel 00:06:29.039 --> 00:06:31.909 align:start position:0% scientists created a version of um a Rel a<00:06:29.199> virus<00:06:29.720> related<00:06:30.039> to<00:06:30.199> small<00:06:30.599> poox<00:06:31.400> that<00:06:31.560> was 00:06:31.909 --> 00:06:31.919 align:start position:0% a virus related to small poox that was 00:06:31.919 --> 00:06:33.909 align:start position:0% a virus related to small poox that was 100%<00:06:32.520> resistant<00:06:32.960> to<00:06:33.120> the<00:06:33.319> vaccine<00:06:33.720> and 00:06:33.909 --> 00:06:33.919 align:start position:0% 100% resistant to the vaccine and 00:06:33.919 --> 00:06:36.510 align:start position:0% 100% resistant to the vaccine and universally<00:06:34.599> fatal<00:06:35.560> and<00:06:35.800> that<00:06:36.120> all<00:06:36.319> that 00:06:36.510 --> 00:06:36.520 align:start position:0% universally fatal and that all that 00:06:36.520 --> 00:06:38.309 align:start position:0% universally fatal and that all that research<00:06:36.960> is<00:06:37.120> open<00:06:37.479> source<00:06:37.919> which<00:06:38.039> means 00:06:38.309 --> 00:06:38.319 align:start position:0% research is open source which means 00:06:38.319 --> 00:06:40.309 align:start position:0% research is open source which means someone<00:06:38.599> else<00:06:38.880> can<00:06:39.039> read<00:06:39.280> it<00:06:39.520> and<00:06:39.720> copy<00:06:40.080> those 00:06:40.309 --> 00:06:40.319 align:start position:0% someone else can read it and copy those 00:06:40.319 --> 00:06:43.550 align:start position:0% someone else can read it and copy those methods<00:06:41.319> in<00:06:41.479> 2018<00:06:42.400> Canadian<00:06:42.960> scientists 00:06:43.550 --> 00:06:43.560 align:start position:0% methods in 2018 Canadian scientists 00:06:43.560 --> 00:06:46.670 align:start position:0% methods in 2018 Canadian scientists created<00:06:44.280> uh<00:06:44.440> aox<00:06:45.000> virus<00:06:45.440> very<00:06:45.800> closely 00:06:46.670 --> 00:06:46.680 align:start position:0% created uh aox virus very closely 00:06:46.680 --> 00:06:50.029 align:start position:0% created uh aox virus very closely related<00:06:47.160> to<00:06:47.479> small<00:06:47.880> pox<00:06:48.280> called<00:06:48.560> horse<00:06:49.039> pox 00:06:50.029 --> 00:06:50.039 align:start position:0% related to small pox called horse pox 00:06:50.039 --> 00:06:52.070 align:start position:0% related to small pox called horse pox and<00:06:50.440> if<00:06:50.520> you<00:06:50.639> can<00:06:50.800> make<00:06:51.080> one<00:06:51.319> you<00:06:51.440> can<00:06:51.599> make<00:06:51.840> any 00:06:52.070 --> 00:06:52.080 align:start position:0% and if you can make one you can make any 00:06:52.080 --> 00:06:55.950 align:start position:0% and if you can make one you can make any of<00:06:52.280> those<00:06:52.639> orthopox<00:06:53.759> viruses<00:06:54.759> um<00:06:55.599> and<00:06:55.759> there's 00:06:55.950 --> 00:06:55.960 align:start position:0% of those orthopox viruses um and there's 00:06:55.960 --> 00:06:58.150 align:start position:0% of those orthopox viruses um and there's been<00:06:56.080> a<00:06:56.240> range<00:06:56.599> of<00:06:56.840> other<00:06:57.280> quite<00:06:57.560> scary 00:06:58.150 --> 00:06:58.160 align:start position:0% been a range of other quite scary 00:06:58.160 --> 00:07:00.230 align:start position:0% been a range of other quite scary research<00:06:58.720> including<00:06:59.160> syn 00:07:00.230 --> 00:07:00.240 align:start position:0% research including syn 00:07:00.240 --> 00:07:03.150 align:start position:0% research including syn Ebola<00:07:01.240> um<00:07:01.800> and<00:07:02.120> ever<00:07:02.360> since<00:07:02.599> the<00:07:02.759> SARS 00:07:03.150 --> 00:07:03.160 align:start position:0% Ebola um and ever since the SARS 00:07:03.160 --> 00:07:05.790 align:start position:0% Ebola um and ever since the SARS outbreak<00:07:03.639> in<00:07:04.080> 2003<00:07:04.919> scientists<00:07:05.400> have<00:07:05.560> been 00:07:05.790 --> 00:07:05.800 align:start position:0% outbreak in 2003 scientists have been 00:07:05.800 --> 00:07:08.350 align:start position:0% outbreak in 2003 scientists have been fascinated<00:07:06.800> with<00:07:07.039> creating<00:07:07.440> a<00:07:07.680> SARS<00:07:08.039> version 00:07:08.350 --> 00:07:08.360 align:start position:0% fascinated with creating a SARS version 00:07:08.360 --> 00:07:10.869 align:start position:0% fascinated with creating a SARS version too<00:07:08.639> and<00:07:08.800> there's<00:07:09.080> numerous<00:07:09.879> Publications 00:07:10.869 --> 00:07:10.879 align:start position:0% too and there's numerous Publications 00:07:10.879 --> 00:07:13.710 align:start position:0% too and there's numerous Publications prior<00:07:11.199> to<00:07:11.319> the<00:07:11.520> covid<00:07:12.000> pandemic<00:07:13.000> detailing 00:07:13.710 --> 00:07:13.720 align:start position:0% prior to the covid pandemic detailing 00:07:13.720 --> 00:07:21.150 align:start position:0% prior to the covid pandemic detailing This 00:07:21.150 --> 00:07:21.160 align:start position:0% 00:07:21.160 --> 00:07:24.430 align:start position:0% research<00:07:22.160> so<00:07:22.440> the<00:07:22.759> the<00:07:23.000> the<00:07:23.199> guys<00:07:23.599> who<00:07:24.160> um 00:07:24.430 --> 00:07:24.440 align:start position:0% research so the the the guys who um 00:07:24.440 --> 00:07:26.469 align:start position:0% research so the the the guys who um developed<00:07:25.000> the<00:07:25.199> can<00:07:25.319> you<00:07:25.560> put<00:07:25.759> the<00:07:26.160> slide 00:07:26.469 --> 00:07:26.479 align:start position:0% developed the can you put the slide 00:07:26.479 --> 00:07:29.230 align:start position:0% developed the can you put the slide forward<00:07:26.840> for<00:07:27.000> me<00:07:27.280> my<00:07:27.560> pointer<00:07:27.960> isn't<00:07:28.280> working 00:07:29.230 --> 00:07:29.240 align:start position:0% forward for me my pointer isn't working 00:07:29.240 --> 00:07:31.629 align:start position:0% forward for me my pointer isn't working um<00:07:29.599> the<00:07:29.800> the<00:07:30.120> scientists<00:07:30.680> who<00:07:30.919> developed<00:07:31.440> the 00:07:31.629 --> 00:07:31.639 align:start position:0% um the the scientists who developed the 00:07:31.639 --> 00:07:37.189 align:start position:0% um the the scientists who developed the synthetic<00:07:32.560> um<00:07:33.039> horsepox<00:07:34.160> virus<00:07:35.160> they<00:07:36.080> um<00:07:37.080> uh 00:07:37.189 --> 00:07:37.199 align:start position:0% synthetic um horsepox virus they um uh 00:07:37.199 --> 00:07:40.029 align:start position:0% synthetic um horsepox virus they um uh so<00:07:37.479> the<00:07:37.599> two<00:07:37.800> s<00:07:38.240> the<00:07:38.360> two<00:07:38.599> ways<00:07:38.879> in<00:07:39.120> which 00:07:40.029 --> 00:07:40.039 align:start position:0% so the two s the two ways in which 00:07:40.039 --> 00:07:42.430 align:start position:0% so the two s the two ways in which unnatural<00:07:40.759> pandemics<00:07:41.280> can<00:07:41.479> occur<00:07:41.879> error<00:07:42.199> or 00:07:42.430 --> 00:07:42.440 align:start position:0% unnatural pandemics can occur error or 00:07:42.440 --> 00:07:44.670 align:start position:0% unnatural pandemics can occur error or Terror<00:07:42.879> and<00:07:43.039> the<00:07:43.160> picture<00:07:43.440> on<00:07:43.560> the<00:07:43.720> left<00:07:44.000> is 00:07:44.670 --> 00:07:44.680 align:start position:0% Terror and the picture on the left is 00:07:44.680 --> 00:07:47.909 align:start position:0% Terror and the picture on the left is the<00:07:44.879> swlos<00:07:45.639> anthrax<00:07:46.240> outbreak<00:07:47.080> um<00:07:47.319> that<00:07:47.440> was<00:07:47.560> a 00:07:47.909 --> 00:07:47.919 align:start position:0% the swlos anthrax outbreak um that was a 00:07:47.919 --> 00:07:50.230 align:start position:0% the swlos anthrax outbreak um that was a town<00:07:48.280> in<00:07:48.479> which<00:07:48.720> the<00:07:48.879> Soviet<00:07:49.599> Union<00:07:49.960> had<00:07:50.120> a 00:07:50.230 --> 00:07:50.240 align:start position:0% town in which the Soviet Union had a 00:07:50.240 --> 00:07:52.990 align:start position:0% town in which the Soviet Union had a bioweapons<00:07:51.000> facility<00:07:51.919> someone<00:07:52.360> forgot<00:07:52.759> to 00:07:52.990 --> 00:07:53.000 align:start position:0% bioweapons facility someone forgot to 00:07:53.000 --> 00:07:55.110 align:start position:0% bioweapons facility someone forgot to replace<00:07:53.520> the<00:07:53.639> filter<00:07:54.000> on<00:07:54.159> an<00:07:54.319> air<00:07:54.560> vent<00:07:54.919> one 00:07:55.110 --> 00:07:55.120 align:start position:0% replace the filter on an air vent one 00:07:55.120 --> 00:07:57.749 align:start position:0% replace the filter on an air vent one night<00:07:55.919> and<00:07:56.159> all<00:07:56.440> night<00:07:56.720> long<00:07:57.280> they<00:07:57.440> were 00:07:57.749 --> 00:07:57.759 align:start position:0% night and all night long they were 00:07:57.759 --> 00:08:00.230 align:start position:0% night and all night long they were pumping<00:07:58.319> weaponized<00:07:58.919> anthrax<00:07:59.560> into<00:07:59.800> the<00:07:59.919> town 00:08:00.230 --> 00:08:00.240 align:start position:0% pumping weaponized anthrax into the town 00:08:00.240 --> 00:08:03.790 align:start position:0% pumping weaponized anthrax into the town next<00:08:00.560> door<00:08:01.240> and<00:08:01.440> at<00:08:01.560> least<00:08:02.039> 100<00:08:02.360> people<00:08:02.800> died 00:08:03.790 --> 00:08:03.800 align:start position:0% next door and at least 100 people died 00:08:03.800 --> 00:08:06.230 align:start position:0% next door and at least 100 people died um<00:08:04.120> but<00:08:04.319> the<00:08:04.479> Soviets<00:08:05.039> said<00:08:05.360> it<00:08:05.479> was<00:08:05.599> a<00:08:05.759> natural 00:08:06.230 --> 00:08:06.240 align:start position:0% um but the Soviets said it was a natural 00:08:06.240 --> 00:08:08.309 align:start position:0% um but the Soviets said it was a natural outbreak<00:08:06.840> they<00:08:06.960> said<00:08:07.120> it<00:08:07.240> was<00:08:07.479> due<00:08:07.599> to<00:08:07.720> the<00:08:08.000> wet 00:08:08.309 --> 00:08:08.319 align:start position:0% outbreak they said it was due to the wet 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00:08:17.550 align:start position:0% they interestingly at the height of the Cold<00:08:15.759> War<00:08:16.039> the<00:08:16.199> Americans<00:08:16.720> agreed<00:08:17.120> with<00:08:17.280> them 00:08:17.550 --> 00:08:17.560 align:start position:0% Cold War the Americans agreed with them 00:08:17.560 --> 00:08:19.469 align:start position:0% Cold War the Americans agreed with them completely<00:08:18.560> that<00:08:18.680> it<00:08:18.759> was<00:08:18.879> a<00:08:19.039> natural 00:08:19.469 --> 00:08:19.479 align:start position:0% completely that it was a natural 00:08:19.479 --> 00:08:21.149 align:start position:0% completely that it was a natural outbreak<00:08:20.000> so<00:08:20.159> from<00:08:20.319> the<00:08:20.479> medical<00:08:20.919> and 00:08:21.149 --> 00:08:21.159 align:start position:0% outbreak so from the medical and 00:08:21.159 --> 00:08:23.670 align:start position:0% outbreak so from the medical and scientific<00:08:21.759> Community<00:08:22.720> the<00:08:22.919> consensus<00:08:23.520> was 00:08:23.670 --> 00:08:23.680 align:start position:0% scientific Community the consensus was 00:08:23.680 --> 00:08:25.430 align:start position:0% scientific Community the consensus was it<00:08:23.800> was<00:08:23.919> a<00:08:24.039> natural<00:08:24.440> outbreak<00:08:24.879> and<00:08:25.000> it<00:08:25.159> wasn't 00:08:25.430 --> 00:08:25.440 align:start position:0% it was a natural outbreak and it wasn't 00:08:25.440 --> 00:08:27.830 align:start position:0% it was a natural outbreak and it wasn't until<00:08:25.759> the<00:08:25.879> fall<00:08:26.159> of<00:08:26.280> the<00:08:26.440> Soviet<00:08:26.840> Union<00:08:27.680> that 00:08:27.830 --> 00:08:27.840 align:start position:0% until the fall of the Soviet Union that 00:08:27.840 --> 00:08:30.070 align:start position:0% until the fall of the Soviet Union that Boris<00:08:28.199> yelson<00:08:28.759> confessed<00:08:29.240> that<00:08:29.639> had<00:08:29.800> been<00:08:29.960> a 00:08:30.070 --> 00:08:30.080 align:start position:0% Boris yelson confessed that had been a 00:08:30.080 --> 00:08:34.870 align:start position:0% Boris yelson confessed that had been a lab<00:08:30.599> leak<00:08:31.599> um<00:08:32.279> and<00:08:32.680> in<00:08:32.880> the<00:08:33.120> case<00:08:33.440> of<00:08:34.000> um<00:08:34.320> Terror 00:08:34.870 --> 00:08:34.880 align:start position:0% lab leak um and in the case of um Terror 00:08:34.880 --> 00:08:36.909 align:start position:0% lab leak um and in the case of um Terror one<00:08:35.000> of<00:08:35.159> the<00:08:35.399> other<00:08:35.760> examples<00:08:36.159> of<00:08:36.279> an<00:08:36.399> anthrax 00:08:36.909 --> 00:08:36.919 align:start position:0% one of the other examples of an anthrax 00:08:36.919 --> 00:08:39.709 align:start position:0% one of the other examples of an anthrax outbreak<00:08:37.399> is<00:08:37.560> the<00:08:37.719> one<00:08:38.360> after<00:08:38.680> 9/11<00:08:39.440> where<00:08:39.599> it 00:08:39.709 --> 00:08:39.719 align:start position:0% outbreak is the one after 9/11 where it 00:08:39.719 --> 00:08:41.630 align:start position:0% outbreak is the one after 9/11 where it was<00:08:39.959> pretty<00:08:40.279> obvious<00:08:40.760> because<00:08:40.959> the<00:08:41.080> anthrax 00:08:41.630 --> 00:08:41.640 align:start position:0% was pretty obvious because the anthrax 00:08:41.640 --> 00:08:45.190 align:start position:0% was pretty obvious because the anthrax was<00:08:41.760> mailed<00:08:42.120> in<00:08:42.440> envelopes<00:08:43.440> with<00:08:43.640> threatening 00:08:45.190 --> 00:08:45.200 align:start position:0% was mailed in envelopes with threatening 00:08:45.200 --> 00:08:48.470 align:start position:0% was mailed in envelopes with threatening letters<00:08:46.200> today<00:08:46.680> you<00:08:46.839> can<00:08:47.399> uh<00:08:47.600> anyone<00:08:48.160> can 00:08:48.470 --> 00:08:48.480 align:start position:0% letters today you can uh anyone can 00:08:48.480 --> 00:08:51.750 align:start position:0% letters today you can uh anyone can create<00:08:48.839> a<00:08:49.040> biolab<00:08:49.720> in<00:08:49.880> their<00:08:50.240> home<00:08:51.240> um<00:08:51.440> just<00:08:51.640> as 00:08:51.750 --> 00:08:51.760 align:start position:0% create a biolab in their home um just as 00:08:51.760 --> 00:08:53.829 align:start position:0% create a biolab in their home um just as you<00:08:51.880> can<00:08:52.040> make<00:08:52.200> a<00:08:52.320> me<00:08:52.600> lab<00:08:52.839> in<00:08:52.959> your<00:08:53.120> kitchen<00:08:53.560> so 00:08:53.829 --> 00:08:53.839 align:start position:0% you can make a me lab in your kitchen so 00:08:53.839 --> 00:08:56.470 align:start position:0% you can make a me lab in your kitchen so too<00:08:54.160> can<00:08:54.279> you<00:08:54.399> do<00:08:54.600> a<00:08:54.959> do<00:08:55.120> it<00:08:55.240> yourself<00:08:55.640> biolab 00:08:56.470 --> 00:08:56.480 align:start position:0% too can you do a do it yourself biolab 00:08:56.480 --> 00:09:00.509 align:start position:0% too can you do a do it yourself biolab and<00:08:57.200> the<00:08:57.800> um<00:08:58.800> the<00:08:59.480> possibilities<00:09:00.000> are<00:09:00.200> really 00:09:00.509 --> 00:09:00.519 align:start position:0% and the um the possibilities are really 00:09:00.519 --> 00:09:03.630 align:start position:0% and the um the possibilities are really endless<00:09:01.519> the<00:09:01.720> scientists<00:09:02.600> um<00:09:02.800> that<00:09:03.000> made<00:09:03.360> the 00:09:03.630 --> 00:09:03.640 align:start position:0% endless the scientists um that made the 00:09:03.640 --> 00:09:06.750 align:start position:0% endless the scientists um that made the synthetic<00:09:04.200> pox<00:09:04.600> virus<00:09:05.200> said<00:09:06.000> the<00:09:06.160> advance<00:09:06.519> of 00:09:06.750 --> 00:09:06.760 align:start position:0% synthetic pox virus said the advance of 00:09:06.760 --> 00:09:08.910 align:start position:0% synthetic pox virus said the advance of technology<00:09:07.399> means<00:09:07.680> that<00:09:07.880> no<00:09:08.120> disease-causing 00:09:08.910 --> 00:09:08.920 align:start position:0% technology means that no disease-causing 00:09:08.920 --> 00:09:11.590 align:start position:0% technology means that no disease-causing organism<00:09:09.560> can<00:09:09.760> forever<00:09:10.240> be<00:09:10.600> eradicated 00:09:11.590 --> 00:09:11.600 align:start position:0% organism can forever be eradicated 00:09:11.600 --> 00:09:13.750 align:start position:0% organism can forever be eradicated because<00:09:11.839> you<00:09:11.959> can<00:09:12.160> always<00:09:12.480> make<00:09:12.680> it<00:09:12.800> in<00:09:12.920> a<00:09:13.079> lab 00:09:13.750 --> 00:09:13.760 align:start position:0% because you can always make it in a lab 00:09:13.760 --> 00:09:15.910 align:start position:0% because you can always make it in a lab and<00:09:13.959> that's<00:09:14.160> the<00:09:14.360> declining<00:09:15.040> cost<00:09:15.399> of<00:09:15.560> Gene 00:09:15.910 --> 00:09:15.920 align:start position:0% and that's the declining cost of Gene 00:09:15.920 --> 00:09:19.030 align:start position:0% and that's the declining cost of Gene synthesis<00:09:16.519> in<00:09:16.720> that<00:09:16.920> same<00:09:17.279> paper<00:09:18.079> showing<00:09:18.640> how 00:09:19.030 --> 00:09:19.040 align:start position:0% synthesis in that same paper showing how 00:09:19.040 --> 00:09:21.470 align:start position:0% synthesis in that same paper showing how accessible<00:09:19.680> it<00:09:19.839> is 00:09:21.470 --> 00:09:21.480 align:start position:0% accessible it is 00:09:21.480 --> 00:09:24.710 align:start position:0% accessible it is today<00:09:22.480> uh<00:09:22.720> illegal<00:09:23.279> biolabs<00:09:23.920> in 00:09:24.710 --> 00:09:24.720 align:start position:0% today uh illegal biolabs in 00:09:24.720 --> 00:09:28.269 align:start position:0% today uh illegal biolabs in 2022<00:09:25.720> uh<00:09:25.920> a<00:09:26.560> code<00:09:26.959> officer<00:09:27.440> noticed<00:09:27.839> a<00:09:27.959> hose 00:09:28.269 --> 00:09:28.279 align:start position:0% 2022 uh a code officer noticed a hose 00:09:28.279 --> 00:09:31.069 align:start position:0% 2022 uh a code officer noticed a hose sticking<00:09:28.600> out<00:09:28.720> of<00:09:28.839> a<00:09:28.959> warehouse<00:09:29.560> in<00:09:29.680> redley 00:09:31.069 --> 00:09:31.079 align:start position:0% sticking out of a warehouse in redley 00:09:31.079 --> 00:09:34.990 align:start position:0% sticking out of a warehouse in redley California<00:09:32.079> and<00:09:32.720> uh<00:09:33.040> very<00:09:33.360> very<00:09:33.720> slow<00:09:34.320> and 00:09:34.990 --> 00:09:35.000 align:start position:0% California and uh very very slow and 00:09:35.000 --> 00:09:37.389 align:start position:0% California and uh very very slow and inadequate<00:09:35.720> response<00:09:36.200> from<00:09:36.440> us<00:09:36.800> authorities 00:09:37.389 --> 00:09:37.399 align:start position:0% inadequate response from us authorities 00:09:37.399 --> 00:09:39.910 align:start position:0% inadequate response from us authorities it<00:09:37.560> took<00:09:37.760> them<00:09:37.959> 3<00:09:38.200> months<00:09:38.480> to<00:09:38.600> get<00:09:38.720> a<00:09:38.920> warrant 00:09:39.910 --> 00:09:39.920 align:start position:0% it took them 3 months to get a warrant 00:09:39.920 --> 00:09:42.590 align:start position:0% it took them 3 months to get a warrant by<00:09:40.079> the<00:09:40.240> time<00:09:40.480> they<00:09:40.640> searched<00:09:41.079> it<00:09:41.320> they<00:09:41.600> found 00:09:42.590 --> 00:09:42.600 align:start position:0% by the time they searched it they found 00:09:42.600 --> 00:09:44.630 align:start position:0% by the time they searched it they found humanized<00:09:43.240> about<00:09:43.440> a<00:09:43.600> thousand<00:09:44.040> humanized 00:09:44.630 --> 00:09:44.640 align:start position:0% humanized about a thousand humanized 00:09:44.640 --> 00:09:49.310 align:start position:0% humanized about a thousand humanized mice<00:09:45.600> vials<00:09:46.160> labeled<00:09:46.680> Ebola<00:09:47.480> HIV<00:09:48.160> SARS<00:09:48.600> kv2 00:09:49.310 --> 00:09:49.320 align:start position:0% mice vials labeled Ebola HIV SARS kv2 00:09:49.320 --> 00:09:52.190 align:start position:0% mice vials labeled Ebola HIV SARS kv2 Etc<00:09:50.240> and<00:09:50.360> it<00:09:50.440> was<00:09:50.560> a<00:09:50.959> biotech<00:09:51.560> company<00:09:52.040> that 00:09:52.190 --> 00:09:52.200 align:start position:0% Etc and it was a biotech company that 00:09:52.200 --> 00:09:55.990 align:start position:0% Etc and it was a biotech company that was<00:09:52.920> proposed<00:09:53.600> supposedly<00:09:54.640> making<00:09:55.640> covid 00:09:55.990 --> 00:09:56.000 align:start position:0% was proposed supposedly making covid 00:09:56.000 --> 00:09:58.030 align:start position:0% was proposed supposedly making covid rapid<00:09:56.320> antigen<00:09:56.800> tests<00:09:57.160> for<00:09:57.360> which<00:09:57.480> you<00:09:57.640> do<00:09:57.800> not 00:09:58.030 --> 00:09:58.040 align:start position:0% rapid antigen tests for which you do not 00:09:58.040 --> 00:10:02.630 align:start position:0% rapid antigen tests for which you do not need<00:09:58.880> animal<00:09:59.680> or<00:10:00.240> um<00:10:00.720> live<00:10:01.120> virus<00:10:01.880> and<00:10:02.079> that's 00:10:02.630 --> 00:10:02.640 align:start position:0% need animal or um live virus and that's 00:10:02.640 --> 00:10:06.030 align:start position:0% need animal or um live virus and that's still<00:10:03.279> um<00:10:03.480> being<00:10:04.120> investigated<00:10:05.120> as<00:10:05.240> to<00:10:05.880> how 00:10:06.030 --> 00:10:06.040 align:start position:0% still um being investigated as to how 00:10:06.040 --> 00:10:07.910 align:start position:0% still um being investigated as to how that<00:10:06.240> happened<00:10:06.560> but<00:10:06.680> it<00:10:06.800> just<00:10:06.920> shows<00:10:07.200> you<00:10:07.680> how 00:10:07.910 --> 00:10:07.920 align:start position:0% that happened but it just shows you how 00:10:07.920 --> 00:10:10.110 align:start position:0% that happened but it just shows you how wide<00:10:08.160> open<00:10:08.560> the<00:10:09.200> risk 00:10:10.110 --> 00:10:10.120 align:start position:0% wide open the risk 00:10:10.120 --> 00:10:13.069 align:start position:0% wide open the risk is<00:10:11.120> in<00:10:11.279> terms<00:10:11.519> of<00:10:11.720> current<00:10:12.079> epidemics<00:10:12.600> the<00:10:12.760> cay 00:10:13.069 --> 00:10:13.079 align:start position:0% is in terms of current epidemics the cay 00:10:13.079 --> 00:10:15.790 align:start position:0% is in terms of current epidemics the cay one<00:10:13.320> empo<00:10:13.880> in<00:10:14.200> Democratic<00:10:14.760> Republic<00:10:15.160> of<00:10:15.399> Congo 00:10:15.790 --> 00:10:15.800 align:start position:0% one empo in Democratic Republic of Congo 00:10:15.800 --> 00:10:19.350 align:start position:0% one empo in Democratic Republic of Congo is<00:10:15.920> a<00:10:16.279> huge<00:10:17.279> um<00:10:17.600> problem<00:10:18.160> 70%<00:10:18.839> of<00:10:18.920> the<00:10:19.079> cases 00:10:19.350 --> 00:10:19.360 align:start position:0% is a huge um problem 70% of the cases 00:10:19.360 --> 00:10:21.550 align:start position:0% is a huge um problem 70% of the cases are<00:10:19.519> in<00:10:19.720> children<00:10:20.200> 80%<00:10:20.760> of<00:10:20.880> the<00:10:21.000> debts<00:10:21.240> are<00:10:21.399> in 00:10:21.550 --> 00:10:21.560 align:start position:0% are in children 80% of the debts are in 00:10:21.560 --> 00:10:24.389 align:start position:0% are in children 80% of the debts are in children<00:10:22.040> this<00:10:22.120> is<00:10:22.360> much<00:10:22.560> more<00:10:22.880> highly<00:10:23.399> lethal 00:10:24.389 --> 00:10:24.399 align:start position:0% children this is much more highly lethal 00:10:24.399 --> 00:10:26.990 align:start position:0% children this is much more highly lethal than<00:10:24.680> the<00:10:24.959> empo<00:10:25.519> that<00:10:25.720> caused<00:10:26.120> the<00:10:26.279> clay<00:10:26.600> 2 00:10:26.990 --> 00:10:27.000 align:start position:0% than the empo that caused the clay 2 00:10:27.000 --> 00:10:31.030 align:start position:0% than the empo that caused the clay 2 epidemic<00:10:27.480> in<00:10:27.760> high<00:10:27.959> inome<00:10:28.480> countries<00:10:29.360> in<00:10:30.040> 2022 00:10:31.030 --> 00:10:31.040 align:start position:0% epidemic in high inome countries in 2022 00:10:31.040 --> 00:10:33.150 align:start position:0% epidemic in high inome countries in 2022 there's<00:10:31.240> a<00:10:31.399> long<00:10:31.680> sting<00:10:32.040> in<00:10:32.160> the<00:10:32.320> tail<00:10:32.600> of<00:10:32.760> SARS 00:10:33.150 --> 00:10:33.160 align:start position:0% there's a long sting in the tail of SARS 00:10:33.160 --> 00:10:36.069 align:start position:0% there's a long sting in the tail of SARS CO2<00:10:34.000> it's<00:10:34.240> still<00:10:34.560> causing<00:10:35.279> substantial 00:10:36.069 --> 00:10:36.079 align:start position:0% CO2 it's still causing substantial 00:10:36.079 --> 00:10:37.750 align:start position:0% CO2 it's still causing substantial excess 00:10:37.750 --> 00:10:37.760 align:start position:0% excess 00:10:37.760 --> 00:10:40.310 align:start position:0% excess mortality<00:10:38.760> and<00:10:38.959> our<00:10:39.240> research<00:10:39.720> showed<00:10:40.120> that 00:10:40.310 --> 00:10:40.320 align:start position:0% mortality and our research showed that 00:10:40.320 --> 00:10:43.790 align:start position:0% mortality and our research showed that long<00:10:40.720> Co<00:10:41.680> um<00:10:41.880> has<00:10:42.120> major<00:10:42.600> economic<00:10:43.160> impacts<00:10:43.600> in 00:10:43.790 --> 00:10:43.800 align:start position:0% long Co um has major economic impacts in 00:10:43.800 --> 00:10:47.750 align:start position:0% long Co um has major economic impacts in 2022<00:10:44.600> alone<00:10:45.000> we<00:10:45.279> estimated<00:10:46.200> long<00:10:46.560> Co<00:10:46.920> cost9 00:10:47.750 --> 00:10:47.760 align:start position:0% 2022 alone we estimated long Co cost9 00:10:47.760 --> 00:10:49.990 align:start position:0% 2022 alone we estimated long Co cost9 billion<00:10:48.519> of<00:10:48.680> losses<00:10:49.079> in<00:10:49.200> the<00:10:49.360> Australian 00:10:49.990 --> 00:10:50.000 align:start position:0% billion of losses in the Australian 00:10:50.000 --> 00:10:52.430 align:start position:0% billion of losses in the Australian economy<00:10:50.839> from<00:10:51.120> people<00:10:51.360> being<00:10:51.639> unable<00:10:52.040> to<00:10:52.200> work 00:10:52.430 --> 00:10:52.440 align:start position:0% economy from people being unable to work 00:10:52.440 --> 00:10:55.110 align:start position:0% economy from people being unable to work at<00:10:52.600> full<00:10:52.920> capacity<00:10:53.440> or<00:10:53.639> not<00:10:53.959> at<00:10:54.399> or<00:10:54.639> only<00:10:54.920> at 00:10:55.110 --> 00:10:55.120 align:start position:0% at full capacity or not at or only at 00:10:55.120 --> 00:10:58.230 align:start position:0% at full capacity or not at or only at partial<00:10:55.959> capacity<00:10:56.959> and<00:10:57.160> then 00:10:58.230 --> 00:10:58.240 align:start position:0% partial capacity and then 00:10:58.240 --> 00:11:01.870 align:start position:0% partial capacity and then h5n1<00:10:59.320> bir<00:10:59.519> flu<00:10:59.800> in<00:10:59.959> the<00:11:00.120> US<00:11:00.639> 30%<00:11:01.240> of<00:11:01.399> commercial 00:11:01.870 --> 00:11:01.880 align:start position:0% h5n1 bir flu in the US 30% of commercial 00:11:01.880 --> 00:11:04.150 align:start position:0% h5n1 bir flu in the US 30% of commercial milk<00:11:02.200> samples<00:11:02.680> on<00:11:02.800> the<00:11:02.959> supermarket<00:11:03.480> shelves 00:11:04.150 --> 00:11:04.160 align:start position:0% milk samples on the supermarket shelves 00:11:04.160 --> 00:11:06.870 align:start position:0% milk samples on the supermarket shelves are<00:11:04.440> contaminated<00:11:05.160> with<00:11:05.320> the<00:11:05.480> virus<00:11:06.480> if<00:11:06.600> it's 00:11:06.870 --> 00:11:06.880 align:start position:0% are contaminated with the virus if it's 00:11:06.880 --> 00:11:09.030 align:start position:0% are contaminated with the virus if it's pasturized<00:11:07.560> milk<00:11:07.839> it's<00:11:08.079> probably<00:11:08.399> not<00:11:08.680> live 00:11:09.030 --> 00:11:09.040 align:start position:0% pasturized milk it's probably not live 00:11:09.040 --> 00:11:11.389 align:start position:0% pasturized milk it's probably not live virus<00:11:09.959> but<00:11:10.120> if<00:11:10.200> you're<00:11:10.360> into<00:11:10.680> drinking<00:11:11.040> raw 00:11:11.389 --> 00:11:11.399 align:start position:0% virus but if you're into drinking raw 00:11:11.399 --> 00:11:14.430 align:start position:0% virus but if you're into drinking raw milk<00:11:12.040> it<00:11:12.240> probably<00:11:12.680> is<00:11:13.639> and<00:11:13.920> it's<00:11:14.120> just<00:11:14.279> a 00:11:14.430 --> 00:11:14.440 align:start position:0% milk it probably is and it's just a 00:11:14.440 --> 00:11:16.629 align:start position:0% milk it probably is and it's just a matter<00:11:14.680> of<00:11:14.880> this<00:11:15.120> virus<00:11:15.800> switching<00:11:16.320> its 00:11:16.629 --> 00:11:16.639 align:start position:0% matter of this virus switching its 00:11:16.639 --> 00:11:19.310 align:start position:0% matter of this virus switching its preference<00:11:17.279> from<00:11:17.519> birds<00:11:17.920> to<00:11:18.160> humans<00:11:19.120> which 00:11:19.310 --> 00:11:19.320 align:start position:0% preference from birds to humans which 00:11:19.320 --> 00:11:20.949 align:start position:0% preference from birds to humans which have<00:11:19.519> different<00:11:19.880> receptors<00:11:20.399> in<00:11:20.560> the<00:11:20.680> upper 00:11:20.949 --> 00:11:20.959 align:start position:0% have different receptors in the upper 00:11:20.959 --> 00:11:23.430 align:start position:0% have different receptors in the upper respiratory<00:11:21.519> tract<00:11:21.920> and<00:11:22.040> then<00:11:22.200> we've<00:11:22.399> got<00:11:22.560> a 00:11:23.430 --> 00:11:23.440 align:start position:0% respiratory tract and then we've got a 00:11:23.440 --> 00:11:25.910 align:start position:0% respiratory tract and then we've got a pandemic<00:11:24.440> now<00:11:24.639> how<00:11:24.760> do<00:11:24.920> we<00:11:25.120> detect<00:11:25.600> these 00:11:25.910 --> 00:11:25.920 align:start position:0% pandemic now how do we detect these 00:11:25.920 --> 00:11:27.910 align:start position:0% pandemic now how do we detect these pandemics<00:11:26.440> when<00:11:26.600> they're<00:11:26.920> Rising<00:11:27.600> um<00:11:27.760> the 00:11:27.910 --> 00:11:27.920 align:start position:0% pandemics when they're Rising um the 00:11:27.920 --> 00:11:31.110 align:start position:0% pandemics when they're Rising um the risk<00:11:28.240> is<00:11:28.480> there<00:11:28.800> how<00:11:28.920> do<00:11:29.079> we<00:11:29.399> detect<00:11:29.920> them<00:11:30.920> the 00:11:31.110 --> 00:11:31.120 align:start position:0% risk is there how do we detect them the 00:11:31.120 --> 00:11:34.470 align:start position:0% risk is there how do we detect them the traditional<00:11:31.760> methods<00:11:32.160> we<00:11:32.440> use<00:11:33.440> uh<00:11:33.760> like<00:11:34.000> lab 00:11:34.470 --> 00:11:34.480 align:start position:0% traditional methods we use uh like lab 00:11:34.480 --> 00:11:36.629 align:start position:0% traditional methods we use uh like lab Lab<00:11:34.800> diagnosis<00:11:35.560> that<00:11:35.720> depends<00:11:36.040> on<00:11:36.240> having<00:11:36.480> a 00:11:36.629 --> 00:11:36.639 align:start position:0% Lab diagnosis that depends on having a 00:11:36.639 --> 00:11:38.269 align:start position:0% Lab diagnosis that depends on having a test<00:11:36.920> if<00:11:37.040> it's<00:11:37.160> a<00:11:37.279> brand<00:11:37.560> new<00:11:37.760> disease<00:11:38.160> there 00:11:38.269 --> 00:11:38.279 align:start position:0% test if it's a brand new disease there 00:11:38.279 --> 00:11:41.430 align:start position:0% test if it's a brand new disease there is<00:11:38.440> no<00:11:38.720> test<00:11:39.560> these<00:11:39.720> are<00:11:39.920> the<00:11:40.079> graphs<00:11:40.440> showing 00:11:41.430 --> 00:11:41.440 align:start position:0% is no test these are the graphs showing 00:11:41.440 --> 00:11:43.790 align:start position:0% is no test these are the graphs showing these<00:11:41.560> are<00:11:41.760> data<00:11:42.040> from<00:11:42.320> wh<00:11:43.120> showing<00:11:43.440> on<00:11:43.600> the 00:11:43.790 --> 00:11:43.800 align:start position:0% these are data from wh showing on the 00:11:43.800 --> 00:11:46.790 align:start position:0% these are data from wh showing on the top<00:11:44.519> the<00:11:44.720> date<00:11:45.120> of<00:11:45.480> symptom<00:11:45.920> onset<00:11:46.440> so<00:11:46.600> that's 00:11:46.790 --> 00:11:46.800 align:start position:0% top the date of symptom onset so that's 00:11:46.800 --> 00:11:48.870 align:start position:0% top the date of symptom onset so that's the<00:11:46.920> day<00:11:47.200> people<00:11:47.480> got<00:11:47.720> sick<00:11:48.440> and<00:11:48.560> on<00:11:48.720> the 00:11:48.870 --> 00:11:48.880 align:start position:0% the day people got sick and on the 00:11:48.880 --> 00:11:50.949 align:start position:0% the day people got sick and on the bottom<00:11:49.279> the<00:11:49.440> date<00:11:49.760> of<00:11:49.959> reporting<00:11:50.560> so<00:11:50.720> you<00:11:50.800> can 00:11:50.949 --> 00:11:50.959 align:start position:0% bottom the date of reporting so you can 00:11:50.959 --> 00:11:53.670 align:start position:0% bottom the date of reporting so you can see<00:11:51.240> there's<00:11:51.440> a<00:11:51.680> substantial<00:11:52.399> delay<00:11:53.320> so<00:11:53.519> by 00:11:53.670 --> 00:11:53.680 align:start position:0% see there's a substantial delay so by 00:11:53.680 --> 00:11:55.949 align:start position:0% see there's a substantial delay so by the<00:11:53.880> time<00:11:54.079> you<00:11:54.240> get<00:11:54.600> official<00:11:55.079> notifications 00:11:55.949 --> 00:11:55.959 align:start position:0% the time you get official notifications 00:11:55.959 --> 00:11:58.389 align:start position:0% the time you get official notifications it's<00:11:56.160> usually<00:11:56.560> spread<00:11:57.120> which<00:11:57.200> is<00:11:57.440> exactly 00:11:58.389 --> 00:11:58.399 align:start position:0% it's usually spread which is exactly 00:11:58.399 --> 00:12:02.190 align:start position:0% it's usually spread which is exactly what<00:11:58.639> happened<00:11:59.000> in<00:11:59.680> um<00:12:00.200> Co<00:12:01.200> so<00:12:01.800> we've<00:12:02.000> got 00:12:02.190 --> 00:12:02.200 align:start position:0% what happened in um Co so we've got 00:12:02.200 --> 00:12:03.949 align:start position:0% what happened in um Co so we've got evidence<00:12:02.560> from<00:12:02.800> blood<00:12:03.079> tests<00:12:03.399> showing<00:12:03.760> that 00:12:03.949 --> 00:12:03.959 align:start position:0% evidence from blood tests showing that 00:12:03.959 --> 00:12:06.389 align:start position:0% evidence from blood tests showing that Co<00:12:04.279> had<00:12:04.480> spread<00:12:04.839> through<00:12:05.160> Europe<00:12:05.519> and<00:12:05.680> the<00:12:05.839> US 00:12:06.389 --> 00:12:06.399 align:start position:0% Co had spread through Europe and the US 00:12:06.399 --> 00:12:09.629 align:start position:0% Co had spread through Europe and the US in<00:12:06.760> November<00:12:07.480> December<00:12:08.279> 2019<00:12:09.279> so<00:12:09.480> we 00:12:09.629 --> 00:12:09.639 align:start position:0% in November December 2019 so we 00:12:09.639 --> 00:12:12.269 align:start position:0% in November December 2019 so we developed<00:12:10.079> an<00:12:10.200> early<00:12:10.480> warning<00:12:11.160> AI<00:12:11.839> system 00:12:12.269 --> 00:12:12.279 align:start position:0% developed an early warning AI system 00:12:12.279 --> 00:12:14.590 align:start position:0% developed an early warning AI system using<00:12:12.680> open-<00:12:13.000> Source<00:12:13.360> intelligence<00:12:14.040> called 00:12:14.590 --> 00:12:14.600 align:start position:0% using open- Source intelligence called 00:12:14.600 --> 00:12:18.030 align:start position:0% using open- Source intelligence called epatch<00:12:15.600> now<00:12:15.760> a<00:12:15.959> true<00:12:16.360> epidemic<00:12:17.079> disease<00:12:17.519> grows 00:12:18.030 --> 00:12:18.040 align:start position:0% epatch now a true epidemic disease grows 00:12:18.040 --> 00:12:20.310 align:start position:0% epatch now a true epidemic disease grows exponentially<00:12:18.839> and<00:12:19.040> that's<00:12:19.360> why<00:12:19.720> you<00:12:19.880> go<00:12:20.079> from 00:12:20.310 --> 00:12:20.320 align:start position:0% exponentially and that's why you go from 00:12:20.320 --> 00:12:22.949 align:start position:0% exponentially and that's why you go from zero<00:12:20.639> to<00:12:21.000> 100<00:12:21.279> in<00:12:21.399> a<00:12:21.519> short<00:12:21.760> period<00:12:22.040> of<00:12:22.279> time 00:12:22.949 --> 00:12:22.959 align:start position:0% zero to 100 in a short period of time 00:12:22.959 --> 00:12:25.189 align:start position:0% zero to 100 in a short period of time and<00:12:23.240> why<00:12:23.600> Health<00:12:23.880> Systems<00:12:24.360> collapse<00:12:24.800> and<00:12:25.000> why 00:12:25.189 --> 00:12:25.199 align:start position:0% and why Health Systems collapse and why 00:12:25.199 --> 00:12:27.509 align:start position:0% and why Health Systems collapse and why critical<00:12:25.680> infrastructure<00:12:26.519> collapses 00:12:27.509 --> 00:12:27.519 align:start position:0% critical infrastructure collapses 00:12:27.519 --> 00:12:29.829 align:start position:0% critical infrastructure collapses because<00:12:27.800> of<00:12:28.000> this<00:12:28.240> exponential<00:12:28.839> growth<00:12:29.519> so 00:12:29.829 --> 00:12:29.839 align:start position:0% because of this exponential growth so 00:12:29.839 --> 00:12:32.110 align:start position:0% because of this exponential growth so time<00:12:30.079> is<00:12:30.320> critical<00:12:31.240> and<00:12:31.399> we're<00:12:31.639> trying<00:12:31.880> to 00:12:32.110 --> 00:12:32.120 align:start position:0% time is critical and we're trying to 00:12:32.120 --> 00:12:34.710 align:start position:0% time is critical and we're trying to find<00:12:32.480> the<00:12:32.680> signals<00:12:33.480> very<00:12:33.760> early<00:12:34.320> before 00:12:34.710 --> 00:12:34.720 align:start position:0% find the signals very early before 00:12:34.720 --> 00:12:37.350 align:start position:0% find the signals very early before governments<00:12:35.199> are<00:12:35.560> aware<00:12:36.000> of<00:12:36.240> it<00:12:37.240> and 00:12:37.350 --> 00:12:37.360 align:start position:0% governments are aware of it and 00:12:37.360 --> 00:12:39.910 align:start position:0% governments are aware of it and literally<00:12:37.760> the<00:12:37.920> co<00:12:38.320> response<00:12:38.760> did<00:12:38.959> occur<00:12:39.760> in 00:12:39.910 --> 00:12:39.920 align:start position:0% literally the co response did occur in 00:12:39.920 --> 00:12:43.389 align:start position:0% literally the co response did occur in the<00:12:40.079> Red<00:12:40.839> Zone<00:12:41.839> um<00:12:42.040> so<00:12:42.320> we<00:12:42.560> use<00:12:43.079> three 00:12:43.389 --> 00:12:43.399 align:start position:0% the Red Zone um so we use three 00:12:43.399 --> 00:12:45.629 align:start position:0% the Red Zone um so we use three different<00:12:43.760> AI<00:12:44.240> systems<00:12:44.680> and<00:12:44.839> we<00:12:44.959> search<00:12:45.360> in 00:12:45.629 --> 00:12:45.639 align:start position:0% different AI systems and we search in 00:12:45.639 --> 00:12:47.069 align:start position:0% different AI systems and we search in over<00:12:45.959> 50 00:12:47.069 --> 00:12:47.079 align:start position:0% over 50 00:12:47.079 --> 00:12:49.670 align:start position:0% over 50 languages<00:12:48.079> in<00:12:48.240> fact<00:12:48.519> 70%<00:12:49.199> of<00:12:49.360> all<00:12:49.519> the 00:12:49.670 --> 00:12:49.680 align:start position:0% languages in fact 70% of all the 00:12:49.680 --> 00:12:52.189 align:start position:0% languages in fact 70% of all the intelligence<00:12:50.360> we<00:12:50.560> get<00:12:50.880> is<00:12:51.000> in<00:12:51.279> non-english 00:12:52.189 --> 00:12:52.199 align:start position:0% intelligence we get is in non-english 00:12:52.199 --> 00:12:54.710 align:start position:0% intelligence we get is in non-english languages<00:12:52.959> which<00:12:53.199> tells<00:12:53.480> you<00:12:53.800> how<00:12:54.040> important 00:12:54.710 --> 00:12:54.720 align:start position:0% languages which tells you how important 00:12:54.720 --> 00:12:57.949 align:start position:0% languages which tells you how important that<00:12:55.399> multilingual<00:12:56.240> intelligence<00:12:57.000> is<00:12:57.680> we 00:12:57.949 --> 00:12:57.959 align:start position:0% that multilingual intelligence is we 00:12:57.959 --> 00:12:59.870 align:start position:0% that multilingual intelligence is we visualize<00:12:58.600> the<00:12:58.760> data<00:12:59.240> in<00:12:59.360> a<00:12:59.440> number<00:12:59.680> of 00:12:59.870 --> 00:12:59.880 align:start position:0% visualize the data in a number of 00:12:59.880 --> 00:13:02.990 align:start position:0% visualize the data in a number of different<00:13:00.680> ways<00:13:01.680> and<00:13:01.839> we<00:13:02.000> do<00:13:02.199> a<00:13:02.440> pandemic 00:13:02.990 --> 00:13:03.000 align:start position:0% different ways and we do a pandemic 00:13:03.000 --> 00:13:05.790 align:start position:0% different ways and we do a pandemic watch<00:13:03.320> looking<00:13:03.600> for<00:13:03.880> undiagnosed 00:13:05.790 --> 00:13:05.800 align:start position:0% watch looking for undiagnosed 00:13:05.800 --> 00:13:07.910 align:start position:0% watch looking for undiagnosed pneumonia<00:13:06.800> we've<00:13:07.079> published<00:13:07.440> quite<00:13:07.600> a<00:13:07.680> bit<00:13:07.800> of 00:13:07.910 --> 00:13:07.920 align:start position:0% pneumonia we've published quite a bit of 00:13:07.920 --> 00:13:10.870 align:start position:0% pneumonia we've published quite a bit of research<00:13:08.360> on<00:13:08.519> it<00:13:09.120> including<00:13:10.120> um<00:13:10.279> looking<00:13:10.600> at 00:13:10.870 --> 00:13:10.880 align:start position:0% research on it including um looking at 00:13:10.880 --> 00:13:14.430 align:start position:0% research on it including um looking at epidemic<00:13:11.440> signals<00:13:11.920> in<00:13:12.480> Ukraine<00:13:13.480> um<00:13:13.839> that<00:13:14.040> in 00:13:14.430 --> 00:13:14.440 align:start position:0% epidemic signals in Ukraine um that in 00:13:14.440 --> 00:13:17.829 align:start position:0% epidemic signals in Ukraine um that in 2022<00:13:15.440> all<00:13:16.120> um<00:13:16.360> formal<00:13:16.800> surveillance<00:13:17.440> ceased 00:13:17.829 --> 00:13:17.839 align:start position:0% 2022 all um formal surveillance ceased 00:13:17.839 --> 00:13:19.590 align:start position:0% 2022 all um formal surveillance ceased so<00:13:18.000> there<00:13:18.079> were<00:13:18.240> no<00:13:18.399> more<00:13:18.639> reporting<00:13:19.000> of<00:13:19.240> covid 00:13:19.590 --> 00:13:19.600 align:start position:0% so there were no more reporting of covid 00:13:19.600 --> 00:13:23.829 align:start position:0% so there were no more reporting of covid cases<00:13:20.000> of<00:13:20.160> TB<00:13:20.680> of<00:13:20.959> HIV<00:13:21.959> nothing<00:13:22.760> so<00:13:23.320> um<00:13:23.519> we<00:13:23.639> were 00:13:23.829 --> 00:13:23.839 align:start position:0% cases of TB of HIV nothing so um we were 00:13:23.839 --> 00:13:25.509 align:start position:0% cases of TB of HIV nothing so um we were able<00:13:24.040> to<00:13:24.199> give<00:13:24.360> a<00:13:24.519> very<00:13:24.800> comprehensive 00:13:25.509 --> 00:13:25.519 align:start position:0% able to give a very comprehensive 00:13:25.519 --> 00:13:27.389 align:start position:0% able to give a very comprehensive picture<00:13:25.800> of<00:13:25.959> what<00:13:26.079> was<00:13:26.279> going<00:13:26.519> on<00:13:26.839> epidemic 00:13:27.389 --> 00:13:27.399 align:start position:0% picture of what was going on epidemic 00:13:27.399 --> 00:13:30.389 align:start position:0% picture of what was going on epidemic Wise<00:13:27.760> from<00:13:28.120> open-<00:13:28.440> Source<00:13:28.800> data 00:13:30.389 --> 00:13:30.399 align:start position:0% Wise from open- Source data 00:13:30.399 --> 00:13:32.550 align:start position:0% Wise from open- Source data uh<00:13:30.560> we<00:13:30.760> also<00:13:31.000> looked<00:13:31.240> at<00:13:31.440> radiation<00:13:32.120> signals 00:13:32.550 --> 00:13:32.560 align:start position:0% uh we also looked at radiation signals 00:13:32.560 --> 00:13:36.470 align:start position:0% uh we also looked at radiation signals in<00:13:32.800> Ukraine<00:13:33.320> using<00:13:33.639> the<00:13:33.800> same 00:13:36.470 --> 00:13:36.480 align:start position:0% 00:13:36.480 --> 00:13:39.030 align:start position:0% methodology<00:13:37.480> um<00:13:37.639> but<00:13:37.800> ultimately<00:13:38.480> a<00:13:38.639> tool 00:13:39.030 --> 00:13:39.040 align:start position:0% methodology um but ultimately a tool 00:13:39.040 --> 00:13:40.590 align:start position:0% methodology um but ultimately a tool like<00:13:39.279> this<00:13:39.480> like<00:13:39.680> epy<00:13:40.040> watch<00:13:40.240> and<00:13:40.399> this<00:13:40.480> is 00:13:40.590 --> 00:13:40.600 align:start position:0% like this like epy watch and this is 00:13:40.600 --> 00:13:43.150 align:start position:0% like this like epy watch and this is where<00:13:40.800> bvy<00:13:41.279> has<00:13:41.800> helped<00:13:42.079> us<00:13:42.360> as<00:13:42.480> well<00:13:42.839> with<00:13:42.959> the 00:13:43.150 --> 00:13:43.160 align:start position:0% where bvy has helped us as well with the 00:13:43.160 --> 00:13:46.069 align:start position:0% where bvy has helped us as well with the philosophy<00:13:43.639> of<00:13:43.800> bvy<00:13:44.279> as<00:13:44.440> well<00:13:44.839> is<00:13:45.079> that<00:13:45.920> it's 00:13:46.069 --> 00:13:46.079 align:start position:0% philosophy of bvy as well is that it's 00:13:46.079 --> 00:13:48.030 align:start position:0% philosophy of bvy as well is that it's no<00:13:46.360> good<00:13:46.639> having<00:13:46.839> a<00:13:47.000> tool<00:13:47.279> like<00:13:47.440> Epi<00:13:47.839> watch 00:13:48.030 --> 00:13:48.040 align:start position:0% no good having a tool like Epi watch 00:13:48.040 --> 00:13:50.949 align:start position:0% no good having a tool like Epi watch being<00:13:48.279> used<00:13:48.639> by<00:13:49.160> an<00:13:49.320> elite<00:13:49.680> few<00:13:50.399> in<00:13:50.680> some 00:13:50.949 --> 00:13:50.959 align:start position:0% being used by an elite few in some 00:13:50.959 --> 00:13:53.749 align:start position:0% being used by an elite few in some building<00:13:51.360> in<00:13:51.720> Geneva<00:13:52.279> or<00:13:52.480> wherever<00:13:53.480> really 00:13:53.749 --> 00:13:53.759 align:start position:0% building in Geneva or wherever really 00:13:53.759 --> 00:13:55.629 align:start position:0% building in Geneva or wherever really has<00:13:53.880> to<00:13:54.000> be<00:13:54.160> used<00:13:54.399> at<00:13:54.560> the<00:13:54.680> Grassroots<00:13:55.480> by 00:13:55.629 --> 00:13:55.639 align:start position:0% has to be used at the Grassroots by 00:13:55.639 --> 00:13:58.110 align:start position:0% has to be used at the Grassroots by local<00:13:56.040> health<00:13:56.360> workers<00:13:57.240> on<00:13:57.440> their<00:13:57.680> mobile 00:13:58.110 --> 00:13:58.120 align:start position:0% local health workers on their mobile 00:13:58.120 --> 00:14:00.269 align:start position:0% local health workers on their mobile phon<00:13:58.560> so<00:13:58.720> that<00:13:59.279> aware<00:13:59.560> of<00:13:59.680> what's<00:13:59.920> going<00:14:00.120> on 00:14:00.269 --> 00:14:00.279 align:start position:0% phon so that aware of what's going on 00:14:00.279 --> 00:14:02.629 align:start position:0% phon so that aware of what's going on and<00:14:00.480> they<00:14:00.600> can<00:14:00.880> connect<00:14:01.720> the<00:14:01.920> intelligence 00:14:02.629 --> 00:14:02.639 align:start position:0% and they can connect the intelligence 00:14:02.639 --> 00:14:04.110 align:start position:0% and they can connect the intelligence with<00:14:02.839> what<00:14:03.000> they're<00:14:03.160> seeing<00:14:03.519> on<00:14:03.639> the<00:14:03.800> ground 00:14:04.110 --> 00:14:04.120 align:start position:0% with what they're seeing on the ground 00:14:04.120 --> 00:14:07.470 align:start position:0% with what they're seeing on the ground and<00:14:04.240> so<00:14:04.399> we<00:14:04.519> launched<00:14:04.880> an<00:14:05.079> app<00:14:05.279> in<00:14:05.480> Hindi<00:14:06.360> in 00:14:07.470 --> 00:14:07.480 align:start position:0% and so we launched an app in Hindi in 00:14:07.480 --> 00:14:11.069 align:start position:0% and so we launched an app in Hindi in 2023<00:14:08.480> um<00:14:09.000> working<00:14:09.440> with<00:14:09.600> the<00:14:10.040> um<00:14:10.240> government 00:14:11.069 --> 00:14:11.079 align:start position:0% 2023 um working with the um government 00:14:11.079 --> 00:14:12.430 align:start position:0% 2023 um working with the um government um<00:14:11.480> the<00:14:11.639> National<00:14:11.959> Institute<00:14:12.320> of 00:14:12.430 --> 00:14:12.440 align:start position:0% um the National Institute of 00:14:12.440 --> 00:14:14.150 align:start position:0% um the National Institute of epidemiology<00:14:13.240> which<00:14:13.360> is<00:14:13.480> a<00:14:13.639> government 00:14:14.150 --> 00:14:14.160 align:start position:0% epidemiology which is a government 00:14:14.160 --> 00:14:16.949 align:start position:0% epidemiology which is a government agency<00:14:14.600> in<00:14:14.759> India<00:14:15.720> and<00:14:15.880> we're<00:14:16.320> continuing 00:14:16.949 --> 00:14:16.959 align:start position:0% agency in India and we're continuing 00:14:16.959 --> 00:14:20.310 align:start position:0% agency in India and we're continuing that<00:14:17.120> work<00:14:17.440> now<00:14:18.000> uh<00:14:18.120> looking<00:14:18.440> at<00:14:19.320> evaluating 00:14:20.310 --> 00:14:20.320 align:start position:0% that work now uh looking at evaluating 00:14:20.320 --> 00:14:23.350 align:start position:0% that work now uh looking at evaluating the<00:14:20.480> use<00:14:20.720> of<00:14:20.920> this<00:14:21.120> app<00:14:21.759> hopefully<00:14:22.279> next<00:14:22.560> year 00:14:23.350 --> 00:14:23.360 align:start position:0% the use of this app hopefully next year 00:14:23.360 --> 00:14:26.480 align:start position:0% the use of this app hopefully next year so<00:14:23.639> thank<00:14:23.800> you<00:14:24.000> very<00:14:24.199> much