WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.160 --> 00:00:06.690 align:start position:0% [Music] 00:00:06.690 --> 00:00:06.700 align:start position:0% 00:00:06.700 --> 00:00:14.030 align:start position:0% [Music] 00:00:14.030 --> 00:00:14.040 align:start position:0% 00:00:14.040 --> 00:00:15.629 align:start position:0% so<00:00:14.320> thank<00:00:14.480> you<00:00:14.599> all<00:00:14.759> for<00:00:14.920> inviting<00:00:15.280> me<00:00:15.400> to<00:00:15.519> come 00:00:15.629 --> 00:00:15.639 align:start position:0% so thank you all for inviting me to come 00:00:15.639 --> 00:00:17.630 align:start position:0% so thank you all for inviting me to come and<00:00:15.759> speak<00:00:16.000> to<00:00:16.160> you<00:00:16.720> I<00:00:16.800> want<00:00:16.920> to<00:00:17.039> talk<00:00:17.279> to<00:00:17.400> you<00:00:17.520> a 00:00:17.630 --> 00:00:17.640 align:start position:0% and speak to you I want to talk to you a 00:00:17.640 --> 00:00:18.990 align:start position:0% and speak to you I want to talk to you a little<00:00:17.800> bit<00:00:18.000> about<00:00:18.240> some<00:00:18.359> of<00:00:18.480> the<00:00:18.560> molecular 00:00:18.990 --> 00:00:19.000 align:start position:0% little bit about some of the molecular 00:00:19.000 --> 00:00:21.029 align:start position:0% little bit about some of the molecular biology<00:00:19.520> work<00:00:19.720> that's<00:00:19.960> going<00:00:20.160> on<00:00:20.439> in<00:00:20.600> my<00:00:20.800> lab 00:00:21.029 --> 00:00:21.039 align:start position:0% biology work that's going on in my lab 00:00:21.039 --> 00:00:22.910 align:start position:0% biology work that's going on in my lab at<00:00:21.160> the<00:00:21.240> University<00:00:21.680> of<00:00:21.760> South<00:00:22.039> Carolina<00:00:22.800> but 00:00:22.910 --> 00:00:22.920 align:start position:0% at the University of South Carolina but 00:00:22.920 --> 00:00:24.790 align:start position:0% at the University of South Carolina but I'm<00:00:23.039> going<00:00:23.119> to<00:00:23.279> talk<00:00:23.480> a<00:00:23.599> little<00:00:23.760> bit<00:00:24.160> about<00:00:24.439> the 00:00:24.790 --> 00:00:24.800 align:start position:0% I'm going to talk a little bit about the 00:00:24.800 --> 00:00:28.230 align:start position:0% I'm going to talk a little bit about the philosophical<00:00:25.880> implications<00:00:26.880> of<00:00:27.240> how 00:00:28.230 --> 00:00:28.240 align:start position:0% philosophical implications of how 00:00:28.240 --> 00:00:30.669 align:start position:0% philosophical implications of how pandemics<00:00:29.080> do<00:00:29.320> more<00:00:29.560> than<00:00:29.759> just<00:00:30.199> harm 00:00:30.669 --> 00:00:30.679 align:start position:0% pandemics do more than just harm 00:00:30.679 --> 00:00:33.069 align:start position:0% pandemics do more than just harm individuals<00:00:31.679> they<00:00:31.920> actually<00:00:32.439> harm<00:00:32.880> the 00:00:33.069 --> 00:00:33.079 align:start position:0% individuals they actually harm the 00:00:33.079 --> 00:00:35.110 align:start position:0% individuals they actually harm the social<00:00:33.520> trust<00:00:34.000> that<00:00:34.200> exists<00:00:34.640> between 00:00:35.110 --> 00:00:35.120 align:start position:0% social trust that exists between 00:00:35.120 --> 00:00:37.670 align:start position:0% social trust that exists between individuals<00:00:36.120> and<00:00:36.399> a<00:00:36.600> proper<00:00:37.120> pandemic 00:00:37.670 --> 00:00:37.680 align:start position:0% individuals and a proper pandemic 00:00:37.680 --> 00:00:40.430 align:start position:0% individuals and a proper pandemic preparedness<00:00:38.520> plan<00:00:39.280> has<00:00:39.399> to<00:00:39.600> have<00:00:39.840> in<00:00:40.079> place 00:00:40.430 --> 00:00:40.440 align:start position:0% preparedness plan has to have in place 00:00:40.440 --> 00:00:43.110 align:start position:0% preparedness plan has to have in place widgets<00:00:41.000> that<00:00:41.160> can<00:00:41.360> deal<00:00:41.719> with<00:00:41.920> the<00:00:42.120> virus<00:00:42.879> but 00:00:43.110 --> 00:00:43.120 align:start position:0% widgets that can deal with the virus but 00:00:43.120 --> 00:00:45.830 align:start position:0% widgets that can deal with the virus but also<00:00:43.640> Information<00:00:44.239> Management<00:00:45.160> schemes<00:00:45.640> so 00:00:45.830 --> 00:00:45.840 align:start position:0% also Information Management schemes so 00:00:45.840 --> 00:00:48.389 align:start position:0% also Information Management schemes so that<00:00:46.039> we<00:00:46.199> can<00:00:46.840> prevent<00:00:47.239> the<00:00:47.399> social<00:00:47.800> harm<00:00:48.199> that 00:00:48.389 --> 00:00:48.399 align:start position:0% that we can prevent the social harm that 00:00:48.399 --> 00:00:51.029 align:start position:0% that we can prevent the social harm that happens<00:00:48.760> to<00:00:49.520> societies<00:00:50.239> by<00:00:50.399> the<00:00:50.559> loss<00:00:50.800> of 00:00:51.029 --> 00:00:51.039 align:start position:0% happens to societies by the loss of 00:00:51.039 --> 00:00:53.110 align:start position:0% happens to societies by the loss of trust<00:00:51.480> that<00:00:51.719> naturally<00:00:52.239> occurs<00:00:52.719> between 00:00:53.110 --> 00:00:53.120 align:start position:0% trust that naturally occurs between 00:00:53.120 --> 00:00:55.270 align:start position:0% trust that naturally occurs between people<00:00:53.680> when<00:00:53.879> a<00:00:54.079> virus<00:00:54.440> is<00:00:54.680> creeping<00:00:55.079> through 00:00:55.270 --> 00:00:55.280 align:start position:0% people when a virus is creeping through 00:00:55.280 --> 00:00:56.590 align:start position:0% people when a virus is creeping through and<00:00:55.440> harming<00:00:55.800> people<00:00:56.039> and<00:00:56.160> you<00:00:56.239> don't<00:00:56.399> know 00:00:56.590 --> 00:00:56.600 align:start position:0% and harming people and you don't know 00:00:56.600 --> 00:00:58.549 align:start position:0% and harming people and you don't know what<00:00:56.719> is<00:00:56.960> happening<00:00:57.640> so<00:00:57.800> you're<00:00:57.960> going<00:00:58.079> to<00:00:58.239> see 00:00:58.549 --> 00:00:58.559 align:start position:0% what is happening so you're going to see 00:00:58.559 --> 00:01:00.310 align:start position:0% what is happening so you're going to see that<00:00:58.920> the<00:00:59.120> this<00:00:59.239> is<00:00:59.359> a<00:00:59.480> t<00:01:00.000> through<00:01:00.160> some 00:01:00.310 --> 00:01:00.320 align:start position:0% that the this is a t through some 00:01:00.320 --> 00:01:02.590 align:start position:0% that the this is a t through some molecular<00:01:00.760> biology<00:01:01.320> work<00:01:01.879> but<00:01:02.039> I<00:01:02.120> want<00:01:02.280> you<00:01:02.359> to 00:01:02.590 --> 00:01:02.600 align:start position:0% molecular biology work but I want you to 00:01:02.600 --> 00:01:05.270 align:start position:0% molecular biology work but I want you to notice<00:01:03.519> ways<00:01:03.920> that<00:01:04.159> information<00:01:04.720> management 00:01:05.270 --> 00:01:05.280 align:start position:0% notice ways that information management 00:01:05.280 --> 00:01:08.390 align:start position:0% notice ways that information management and<00:01:05.479> blockchain<00:01:06.159> kind<00:01:06.360> of<00:01:06.880> Technologies<00:01:07.799> can 00:01:08.390 --> 00:01:08.400 align:start position:0% and blockchain kind of Technologies can 00:01:08.400 --> 00:01:12.390 align:start position:0% and blockchain kind of Technologies can make<00:01:08.680> our<00:01:09.040> societies<00:01:09.640> more<00:01:09.960> robust<00:01:10.360> to<00:01:10.520> Future 00:01:12.390 --> 00:01:12.400 align:start position:0% make our societies more robust to Future 00:01:12.400 --> 00:01:15.630 align:start position:0% make our societies more robust to Future pandemics<00:01:13.400> so<00:01:13.640> early<00:01:13.960> on<00:01:14.640> um<00:01:15.000> I<00:01:15.159> and<00:01:15.320> several 00:01:15.630 --> 00:01:15.640 align:start position:0% pandemics so early on um I and several 00:01:15.640 --> 00:01:18.190 align:start position:0% pandemics so early on um I and several other<00:01:15.799> people<00:01:16.200> noticed<00:01:16.720> that<00:01:16.880> the<00:01:17.000> SARS<00:01:17.560> cove2 00:01:18.190 --> 00:01:18.200 align:start position:0% other people noticed that the SARS cove2 00:01:18.200 --> 00:01:19.630 align:start position:0% other people noticed that the SARS cove2 virus<00:01:18.560> had<00:01:18.720> some<00:01:18.920> really<00:01:19.119> weird 00:01:19.630 --> 00:01:19.640 align:start position:0% virus had some really weird 00:01:19.640 --> 00:01:21.710 align:start position:0% virus had some really weird characteristics<00:01:20.640> if<00:01:20.720> you<00:01:20.840> do<00:01:21.000> an<00:01:21.159> alignment 00:01:21.710 --> 00:01:21.720 align:start position:0% characteristics if you do an alignment 00:01:21.720 --> 00:01:23.630 align:start position:0% characteristics if you do an alignment of<00:01:21.920> this<00:01:22.159> virus<00:01:22.600> against<00:01:22.880> its<00:01:23.079> most<00:01:23.280> recent 00:01:23.630 --> 00:01:23.640 align:start position:0% of this virus against its most recent 00:01:23.640 --> 00:01:25.990 align:start position:0% of this virus against its most recent common<00:01:24.000> ancestors<00:01:24.600> you<00:01:24.799> find<00:01:25.040> out<00:01:25.400> that<00:01:25.840> it 00:01:25.990 --> 00:01:26.000 align:start position:0% common ancestors you find out that it 00:01:26.000 --> 00:01:27.950 align:start position:0% common ancestors you find out that it has<00:01:26.159> a<00:01:26.360> lot<00:01:26.520> of<00:01:26.799> mutations<00:01:27.360> that<00:01:27.479> are<00:01:27.720> what<00:01:27.840> are 00:01:27.950 --> 00:01:27.960 align:start position:0% has a lot of mutations that are what are 00:01:27.960 --> 00:01:29.990 align:start position:0% has a lot of mutations that are what are called<00:01:28.159> non-synonymous<00:01:28.720> mutations<00:01:29.720> that 00:01:29.990 --> 00:01:30.000 align:start position:0% called non-synonymous mutations that 00:01:30.000 --> 00:01:32.670 align:start position:0% called non-synonymous mutations that cluster<00:01:30.439> in<00:01:30.560> the<00:01:30.720> receptor<00:01:31.119> binding<00:01:31.680> domain 00:01:32.670 --> 00:01:32.680 align:start position:0% cluster in the receptor binding domain 00:01:32.680 --> 00:01:34.950 align:start position:0% cluster in the receptor binding domain uh<00:01:32.920> it<00:01:33.119> looks<00:01:33.560> very<00:01:33.920> engineered<00:01:34.600> it's<00:01:34.720> a 00:01:34.950 --> 00:01:34.960 align:start position:0% uh it looks very engineered it's a 00:01:34.960 --> 00:01:36.749 align:start position:0% uh it looks very engineered it's a circumstantial<00:01:35.759> evidence<00:01:36.200> but<00:01:36.360> it<00:01:36.479> looks 00:01:36.749 --> 00:01:36.759 align:start position:0% circumstantial evidence but it looks 00:01:36.759 --> 00:01:39.190 align:start position:0% circumstantial evidence but it looks like<00:01:36.920> it<00:01:37.119> had<00:01:37.399> help<00:01:38.320> uh<00:01:38.479> if<00:01:38.600> it<00:01:38.720> didn't<00:01:39.000> have 00:01:39.190 --> 00:01:39.200 align:start position:0% like it had help uh if it didn't have 00:01:39.200 --> 00:01:41.149 align:start position:0% like it had help uh if it didn't have help<00:01:39.439> it's<00:01:39.560> a<00:01:39.720> remarkable<00:01:40.240> coincidence 00:01:41.149 --> 00:01:41.159 align:start position:0% help it's a remarkable coincidence 00:01:41.159 --> 00:01:42.910 align:start position:0% help it's a remarkable coincidence nonetheless<00:01:41.720> we<00:01:41.880> made<00:01:42.040> a<00:01:42.119> bunch<00:01:42.280> of<00:01:42.399> PCR 00:01:42.910 --> 00:01:42.920 align:start position:0% nonetheless we made a bunch of PCR 00:01:42.920 --> 00:01:44.670 align:start position:0% nonetheless we made a bunch of PCR primers<00:01:43.560> uh<00:01:43.680> regardless<00:01:44.079> of<00:01:44.200> where<00:01:44.320> it<00:01:44.439> came 00:01:44.670 --> 00:01:44.680 align:start position:0% primers uh regardless of where it came 00:01:44.680 --> 00:01:47.550 align:start position:0% primers uh regardless of where it came from<00:01:45.240> we<00:01:45.360> made<00:01:45.600> PCR<00:01:46.159> primers<00:01:46.680> and<00:01:46.840> started 00:01:47.550 --> 00:01:47.560 align:start position:0% from we made PCR primers and started 00:01:47.560 --> 00:01:49.510 align:start position:0% from we made PCR primers and started developing<00:01:48.040> a<00:01:48.200> test<00:01:48.479> in<00:01:48.600> our<00:01:48.840> laboratory<00:01:49.360> just 00:01:49.510 --> 00:01:49.520 align:start position:0% developing a test in our laboratory just 00:01:49.520 --> 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properly<00:01:55.960> uh<00:01:56.079> we<00:01:56.240> made<00:01:56.479> this<00:01:56.719> kind<00:01:56.840> of<00:01:57.000> a<00:01:57.360> a<00:01:57.520> PCR 00:01:58.029 --> 00:01:58.039 align:start position:0% properly uh we made this kind of a a PCR 00:01:58.039 --> 00:02:00.350 align:start position:0% properly uh we made this kind of a a PCR test<00:01:58.280> with<00:01:58.439> our<00:01:58.560> own<00:01:58.840> primers<00:01:59.200> and<00:01:59.399> protocols 00:02:00.350 --> 00:02:00.360 align:start position:0% test with our own primers and protocols 00:02:00.360 --> 00:02:03.109 align:start position:0% test with our own primers and protocols and<00:02:00.600> proved<00:02:01.159> that<00:02:01.520> the<00:02:01.759> PCR<00:02:02.320> really<00:02:02.560> will 00:02:03.109 --> 00:02:03.119 align:start position:0% and proved that the PCR really will 00:02:03.119 --> 00:02:06.670 align:start position:0% and proved that the PCR really will detect<00:02:04.119> um<00:02:04.680> the<00:02:04.840> virus<00:02:05.640> and<00:02:05.920> it'll<00:02:06.240> detect<00:02:06.520> it 00:02:06.670 --> 00:02:06.680 align:start position:0% detect um the virus and it'll detect it 00:02:06.680 --> 00:02:09.070 align:start position:0% detect um the virus and it'll detect it down<00:02:06.799> to<00:02:07.000> single<00:02:07.360> molecules<00:02:08.000> in<00:02:08.160> the<00:02:08.280> well 00:02:09.070 --> 00:02:09.080 align:start position:0% down to single molecules in the well 00:02:09.080 --> 00:02:11.430 align:start position:0% down to single molecules in the well this<00:02:09.280> PCR<00:02:09.759> essay<00:02:10.200> does<00:02:10.440> not<00:02:10.720> have<00:02:10.840> a<00:02:11.000> false 00:02:11.430 --> 00:02:11.440 align:start position:0% this PCR essay does not have a false 00:02:11.440 --> 00:02:13.470 align:start position:0% this PCR essay does not have a false positive<00:02:11.959> problem<00:02:12.360> you<00:02:12.440> can<00:02:12.640> cycle<00:02:13.040> forever 00:02:13.470 --> 00:02:13.480 align:start position:0% positive problem you can cycle forever 00:02:13.480 --> 00:02:15.509 align:start position:0% positive problem you can cycle forever and<00:02:13.680> not<00:02:13.920> on<00:02:14.040> a<00:02:14.400> on<00:02:14.519> a<00:02:14.640> negative<00:02:14.959> sample<00:02:15.280> and<00:02:15.440> it 00:02:15.509 --> 00:02:15.519 align:start position:0% and not on a on a negative sample and it 00:02:15.519 --> 00:02:18.869 align:start position:0% and not on a on a negative sample and it will<00:02:15.640> never<00:02:16.120> fire<00:02:17.120> um<00:02:17.599> but<00:02:17.879> it<00:02:18.040> can<00:02:18.360> accurately 00:02:18.869 --> 00:02:18.879 align:start position:0% will never fire um but it can accurately 00:02:18.879 --> 00:02:22.030 align:start position:0% will never fire um but it can accurately determine<00:02:19.360> how<00:02:19.519> much<00:02:20.000> viruses<00:02:20.640> in<00:02:20.959> any<00:02:21.239> sample 00:02:22.030 --> 00:02:22.040 align:start position:0% determine how much viruses in any sample 00:02:22.040 --> 00:02:24.589 align:start position:0% determine how much viruses in any sample we<00:02:22.239> then<00:02:22.560> kind<00:02:22.680> of<00:02:22.959> accidentally<00:02:23.760> discovered 00:02:24.589 --> 00:02:24.599 align:start position:0% we then kind of accidentally discovered 00:02:24.599 --> 00:02:26.710 align:start position:0% we then kind of accidentally discovered that<00:02:24.920> raw<00:02:25.319> saliva<00:02:25.879> works<00:02:26.200> better<00:02:26.440> than<00:02:26.599> the 00:02:26.710 --> 00:02:26.720 align:start position:0% that raw saliva works better than the 00:02:26.720 --> 00:02:28.990 align:start position:0% that raw saliva works better than the nasal<00:02:27.080> swabs<00:02:27.920> we<00:02:28.280> discovered<00:02:28.560> this<00:02:28.720> for<00:02:28.879> a 00:02:28.990 --> 00:02:29.000 align:start position:0% nasal swabs we discovered this for a 00:02:29.000 --> 00:02:30.710 align:start position:0% nasal swabs we discovered this for a funny<00:02:29.360> reason<00:02:29.920> during<00:02:30.160> the<00:02:30.319> pandemic 00:02:30.710 --> 00:02:30.720 align:start position:0% funny reason during the pandemic 00:02:30.720 --> 00:02:32.869 align:start position:0% funny reason during the pandemic lockdowns<00:02:31.239> we<00:02:31.400> ran<00:02:31.599> out<00:02:31.720> of<00:02:31.879> nasal<00:02:32.280> swabs<00:02:32.760> and 00:02:32.869 --> 00:02:32.879 align:start position:0% lockdowns we ran out of nasal swabs and 00:02:32.879 --> 00:02:35.229 align:start position:0% lockdowns we ran out of nasal swabs and ran<00:02:33.080> out<00:02:33.200> of<00:02:33.319> RNA<00:02:34.040> purification<00:02:34.599> reagents<00:02:35.120> so 00:02:35.229 --> 00:02:35.239 align:start position:0% ran out of RNA purification reagents so 00:02:35.239 --> 00:02:36.869 align:start position:0% ran out of RNA purification reagents so we<00:02:35.360> just<00:02:35.519> tried<00:02:35.760> it<00:02:35.879> on<00:02:36.000> Raw<00:02:36.280> saliva<00:02:36.720> and<00:02:36.800> it 00:02:36.869 --> 00:02:36.879 align:start position:0% we just tried it on Raw saliva and it 00:02:36.879 --> 00:02:38.710 align:start position:0% we just tried it on Raw saliva and it turned<00:02:37.080> out<00:02:37.200> that<00:02:37.319> it<00:02:37.440> worked<00:02:37.680> fine<00:02:38.319> it<00:02:38.440> worked 00:02:38.710 --> 00:02:38.720 align:start position:0% turned out that it worked fine it worked 00:02:38.720 --> 00:02:41.949 align:start position:0% turned out that it worked fine it worked even<00:02:39.000> better<00:02:39.560> than<00:02:40.080> than<00:02:40.239> the<00:02:40.800> standard<00:02:41.800> uh 00:02:41.949 --> 00:02:41.959 align:start position:0% even better than than the standard uh 00:02:41.959 --> 00:02:43.830 align:start position:0% even better than than the standard uh procedures<00:02:42.800> and<00:02:42.920> it's<00:02:43.120> kind<00:02:43.200> of<00:02:43.319> funny<00:02:43.640> given 00:02:43.830 --> 00:02:43.840 align:start position:0% procedures and it's kind of funny given 00:02:43.840 --> 00:02:45.390 align:start position:0% procedures and it's kind of funny given all<00:02:43.959> the<00:02:44.080> gatekeeping<00:02:44.640> that<00:02:44.760> has<00:02:44.920> gone<00:02:45.120> on 00:02:45.390 --> 00:02:45.400 align:start position:0% all the gatekeeping that has gone on 00:02:45.400 --> 00:02:47.869 align:start position:0% all the gatekeeping that has gone on about<00:02:45.959> nasal<00:02:46.400> swabs<00:02:46.840> and<00:02:47.000> the<00:02:47.159> type<00:02:47.319> of<00:02:47.440> swabs 00:02:47.869 --> 00:02:47.879 align:start position:0% about nasal swabs and the type of swabs 00:02:47.879 --> 00:02:49.149 align:start position:0% about nasal swabs and the type of swabs that<00:02:47.959> you<00:02:48.080> have<00:02:48.200> to<00:02:48.360> use<00:02:48.599> and<00:02:48.720> all<00:02:48.879> that<00:02:49.000> sort 00:02:49.149 --> 00:02:49.159 align:start position:0% that you have to use and all that sort 00:02:49.159 --> 00:02:51.149 align:start position:0% that you have to use and all that sort of<00:02:49.319> stuff<00:02:49.720> you<00:02:49.840> don't<00:02:50.000> even<00:02:50.159> need<00:02:50.400> any<00:02:50.519> of<00:02:50.680> that 00:02:51.149 --> 00:02:51.159 align:start position:0% of stuff you don't even need any of that 00:02:51.159 --> 00:02:56.030 align:start position:0% of stuff you don't even need any of that stuff<00:02:52.319> uh<00:02:53.319> I<00:02:53.519> tracked<00:02:54.239> the<00:02:54.560> virus<00:02:55.519> uh<00:02:55.680> as<00:02:55.800> it 00:02:56.030 --> 00:02:56.040 align:start position:0% stuff uh I tracked the virus uh as it 00:02:56.040 --> 00:02:58.270 align:start position:0% stuff uh I tracked the virus uh as it went<00:02:56.319> through<00:02:57.080> lots<00:02:57.360> of<00:02:57.560> individuals 00:02:58.270 --> 00:02:58.280 align:start position:0% went through lots of individuals 00:02:58.280 --> 00:02:59.470 align:start position:0% went through lots of individuals students<00:02:58.680> at<00:02:58.800> the<00:02:58.879> University<00:02:59.200> of<00:02:59.280> South 00:02:59.470 --> 00:02:59.480 align:start position:0% students at the University of South 00:02:59.480 --> 00:03:02.550 align:start position:0% students at the University of South Carolina<00:03:00.120> and<00:03:00.440> families<00:03:01.440> um<00:03:01.920> and<00:03:02.159> and<00:03:02.280> I<00:03:02.360> could 00:03:02.550 --> 00:03:02.560 align:start position:0% Carolina and families um and and I could 00:03:02.560 --> 00:03:05.670 align:start position:0% Carolina and families um and and I could prove<00:03:02.840> to<00:03:03.040> myself<00:03:03.760> that<00:03:04.440> the<00:03:04.680> virus<00:03:05.000> was<00:03:05.200> real 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align:start position:0% where some of the people got it and some 00:03:11.799 --> 00:03:15.869 align:start position:0% where some of the people got it and some of<00:03:11.959> them<00:03:12.159> didn't<00:03:13.040> and<00:03:13.599> the<00:03:14.040> the<00:03:14.360> PCR<00:03:14.799> signal<00:03:15.599> um 00:03:15.869 --> 00:03:15.879 align:start position:0% of them didn't and the the PCR signal um 00:03:15.879 --> 00:03:17.630 align:start position:0% of them didn't and the the PCR signal um predicted<00:03:16.360> perfectly<00:03:16.799> who<00:03:16.959> was<00:03:17.159> going<00:03:17.319> to<00:03:17.480> get 00:03:17.630 --> 00:03:17.640 align:start position:0% predicted perfectly who was going to get 00:03:17.640 --> 00:03:19.750 align:start position:0% predicted perfectly who was going to get sick<00:03:17.840> and<00:03:17.959> who<00:03:18.120> never<00:03:18.360> did<00:03:18.920> this<00:03:19.280> family<00:03:19.599> on 00:03:19.750 --> 00:03:19.760 align:start position:0% sick and who never did this family on 00:03:19.760 --> 00:03:21.869 align:start position:0% sick and who never did this family on the<00:03:19.920> right<00:03:20.200> that's<00:03:20.440> me<00:03:21.040> and<00:03:21.159> the<00:03:21.239> blue<00:03:21.519> curve 00:03:21.869 --> 00:03:21.879 align:start position:0% the right that's me and the blue curve 00:03:21.879 --> 00:03:23.430 align:start position:0% the right that's me and the blue curve is<00:03:22.080> me<00:03:22.360> whenever<00:03:22.680> I<00:03:22.799> brought<00:03:23.000> it<00:03:23.120> home<00:03:23.280> and 00:03:23.430 --> 00:03:23.440 align:start position:0% is me whenever I brought it home and 00:03:23.440 --> 00:03:25.070 align:start position:0% is me whenever I brought it home and gave<00:03:23.560> it<00:03:23.640> to<00:03:23.799> my<00:03:23.920> wife<00:03:24.080> and<00:03:24.239> two<00:03:24.400> daughters<00:03:25.000> and 00:03:25.070 --> 00:03:25.080 align:start position:0% gave it to my wife and two daughters and 00:03:25.080 --> 00:03:27.789 align:start position:0% gave it to my wife and two daughters and then<00:03:25.239> they<00:03:25.400> got<00:03:25.560> sick<00:03:25.840> later<00:03:26.440> so<00:03:26.680> I<00:03:26.879> had<00:03:27.280> access 00:03:27.789 --> 00:03:27.799 align:start position:0% then they got sick later so I had access 00:03:27.799 --> 00:03:31.190 align:start position:0% then they got sick later so I had access to<00:03:28.799> validating<00:03:29.480> ver<00:03:29.760> veriable<00:03:30.360> information 00:03:31.190 --> 00:03:31.200 align:start position:0% to validating ver veriable information 00:03:31.200 --> 00:03:33.750 align:start position:0% to validating ver veriable information that<00:03:31.480> the<00:03:31.720> PCR<00:03:32.360> results<00:03:32.760> were<00:03:32.959> tracking<00:03:33.400> with 00:03:33.750 --> 00:03:33.760 align:start position:0% that the PCR results were tracking with 00:03:33.760 --> 00:03:35.710 align:start position:0% that the PCR results were tracking with symptomology<00:03:34.760> most<00:03:34.959> people<00:03:35.239> didn't<00:03:35.480> have 00:03:35.710 --> 00:03:35.720 align:start position:0% symptomology most people didn't have 00:03:35.720 --> 00:03:37.110 align:start position:0% symptomology most people didn't have access<00:03:36.000> to<00:03:36.159> this<00:03:36.319> kind<00:03:36.439> of<00:03:36.599> verifying 00:03:37.110 --> 00:03:37.120 align:start position:0% access to this kind of verifying 00:03:37.120 --> 00:03:39.070 align:start position:0% access to this kind of verifying information<00:03:37.959> and<00:03:38.159> after<00:03:38.360> a<00:03:38.519> while<00:03:38.799> they<00:03:38.959> kind 00:03:39.070 --> 00:03:39.080 align:start position:0% information and after a while they kind 00:03:39.080 --> 00:03:40.830 align:start position:0% information and after a while they kind of<00:03:39.239> became<00:03:39.599> suspicious<00:03:40.159> of<00:03:40.400> hey<00:03:40.560> is<00:03:40.680> this 00:03:40.830 --> 00:03:40.840 align:start position:0% of became suspicious of hey is this 00:03:40.840 --> 00:03:42.949 align:start position:0% of became suspicious of hey is this thing<00:03:41.080> really<00:03:41.400> telling<00:03:41.720> me<00:03:41.920> the<00:03:42.080> truth<00:03:42.360> or<00:03:42.519> not 00:03:42.949 --> 00:03:42.959 align:start position:0% thing really telling me the truth or not 00:03:42.959 --> 00:03:44.949 align:start position:0% thing really telling me the truth or not and<00:03:43.080> they<00:03:43.200> didn't<00:03:43.439> know<00:03:43.720> anybody<00:03:44.519> like<00:03:44.760> me 00:03:44.949 --> 00:03:44.959 align:start position:0% and they didn't know anybody like me 00:03:44.959 --> 00:03:46.710 align:start position:0% and they didn't know anybody like me that<00:03:45.120> they<00:03:45.239> could<00:03:45.439> ask<00:03:45.760> to<00:03:45.920> see<00:03:46.200> is<00:03:46.319> this<00:03:46.480> is 00:03:46.710 --> 00:03:46.720 align:start position:0% that they could ask to see is this is 00:03:46.720 --> 00:03:48.110 align:start position:0% that they could ask to see is this is real<00:03:47.000> or 00:03:48.110 --> 00:03:48.120 align:start position:0% real or 00:03:48.120 --> 00:03:50.550 align:start position:0% real or not<00:03:49.120> another<00:03:49.720> kind<00:03:49.840> of<00:03:50.040> interesting 00:03:50.550 --> 00:03:50.560 align:start position:0% not another kind of interesting 00:03:50.560 --> 00:03:52.429 align:start position:0% not another kind of interesting phenomenon<00:03:51.120> about<00:03:51.400> this<00:03:51.640> virus<00:03:52.120> which 00:03:52.429 --> 00:03:52.439 align:start position:0% phenomenon about this virus which 00:03:52.439 --> 00:03:54.949 align:start position:0% phenomenon about this virus which probably<00:03:52.799> will<00:03:52.959> see<00:03:53.280> this<00:03:53.480> again<00:03:54.360> is<00:03:54.680> the 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the<00:04:01.560> brother<00:04:01.959> of<00:04:02.120> one<00:04:02.239> of 00:04:02.390 --> 00:04:02.400 align:start position:0% this guy here was the brother of one of 00:04:02.400 --> 00:04:04.550 align:start position:0% this guy here was the brother of one of my<00:04:02.599> students<00:04:02.959> that<00:04:03.120> was<00:04:03.239> working<00:04:03.519> in<00:04:03.640> the<00:04:03.840> lab 00:04:04.550 --> 00:04:04.560 align:start position:0% my students that was working in the lab 00:04:04.560 --> 00:04:06.630 align:start position:0% my students that was working in the lab and<00:04:04.720> it<00:04:04.959> we<00:04:05.079> were<00:04:05.319> testing<00:04:05.799> everybody<00:04:06.360> every 00:04:06.630 --> 00:04:06.640 align:start position:0% and it we were testing everybody every 00:04:06.640 --> 00:04:09.149 align:start position:0% and it we were testing everybody every day<00:04:06.879> as<00:04:07.000> we<00:04:07.079> were<00:04:07.280> developing<00:04:07.879> this<00:04:08.079> test<00:04:08.879> and 00:04:09.149 --> 00:04:09.159 align:start position:0% day as we were developing this test and 00:04:09.159 --> 00:04:10.789 align:start position:0% day as we were developing this test and and<00:04:09.239> we<00:04:09.360> were<00:04:09.519> using<00:04:09.959> all<00:04:10.120> of<00:04:10.200> our<00:04:10.360> friends<00:04:10.599> and 00:04:10.789 --> 00:04:10.799 align:start position:0% and we were using all of our friends and 00:04:10.799 --> 00:04:12.789 align:start position:0% and we were using all of our friends and family<00:04:11.040> members<00:04:11.360> as<00:04:11.560> negative<00:04:11.879> controls<00:04:12.599> this 00:04:12.789 --> 00:04:12.799 align:start position:0% family members as negative controls this 00:04:12.799 --> 00:04:14.990 align:start position:0% family members as negative controls this guy<00:04:12.959> blew<00:04:13.200> a<00:04:13.439> positive<00:04:13.799> and<00:04:13.920> he<00:04:14.040> had<00:04:14.239> more<00:04:14.760> more 00:04:14.990 --> 00:04:15.000 align:start position:0% guy blew a positive and he had more more 00:04:15.000 --> 00:04:16.789 align:start position:0% guy blew a positive and he had more more virus<00:04:15.360> in<00:04:15.560> his<00:04:15.799> saliva<00:04:16.320> than<00:04:16.440> there<00:04:16.560> are 00:04:16.789 --> 00:04:16.799 align:start position:0% virus in his saliva than there are 00:04:16.799 --> 00:04:19.629 align:start position:0% virus in his saliva than there are people<00:04:17.040> in<00:04:17.280> China<00:04:18.040> but<00:04:18.160> he<00:04:18.280> had<00:04:18.519> zero<00:04:18.919> symptoms 00:04:19.629 --> 00:04:19.639 align:start position:0% people in China but he had zero symptoms 00:04:19.639 --> 00:04:22.670 align:start position:0% people in China but he had zero symptoms and<00:04:19.759> on<00:04:20.040> day<00:04:20.440> three<00:04:21.079> he<00:04:21.199> went<00:04:21.359> on<00:04:21.479> a<00:04:21.639> s<00:04:21.959> mile<00:04:22.280> run 00:04:22.670 --> 00:04:22.680 align:start position:0% and on day three he went on a s mile run 00:04:22.680 --> 00:04:25.550 align:start position:0% and on day three he went on a s mile run and<00:04:22.840> clocked<00:04:23.199> his<00:04:23.360> normal<00:04:23.840> time<00:04:24.560> but<00:04:24.759> this<00:04:25.040> guy 00:04:25.550 --> 00:04:25.560 align:start position:0% and clocked his normal time but this guy 00:04:25.560 --> 00:04:27.870 align:start position:0% and clocked his normal time but this guy could<00:04:25.800> infect<00:04:26.199> the<00:04:26.320> whole<00:04:26.560> world<00:04:26.919> if<00:04:27.040> he<00:04:27.199> tried 00:04:27.870 --> 00:04:27.880 align:start position:0% could infect the whole world if he tried 00:04:27.880 --> 00:04:29.710 align:start position:0% could infect the whole world if he tried and<00:04:28.040> he<00:04:28.120> would<00:04:28.320> never<00:04:28.560> have<00:04:28.720> known<00:04:29.000> about<00:04:29.199> it 00:04:29.710 --> 00:04:29.720 align:start position:0% and he would never have known about it 00:04:29.720 --> 00:04:31.870 align:start position:0% and he would never have known about it so<00:04:30.080> this<00:04:30.280> phenomenon<00:04:31.039> is<00:04:31.280> actually<00:04:31.560> real 00:04:31.870 --> 00:04:31.880 align:start position:0% so this phenomenon is actually real 00:04:31.880 --> 00:04:33.469 align:start position:0% so this phenomenon is actually real there<00:04:32.000> are<00:04:32.199> silent<00:04:32.560> super<00:04:32.919> spreaders<00:04:33.320> that 00:04:33.469 --> 00:04:33.479 align:start position:0% there are silent super spreaders that 00:04:33.479 --> 00:04:36.350 align:start position:0% there are silent super spreaders that walking<00:04:33.919> Among<00:04:34.240> Us<00:04:34.960> and<00:04:35.440> and<00:04:35.680> reasonable 00:04:36.350 --> 00:04:36.360 align:start position:0% walking Among Us and and reasonable 00:04:36.360 --> 00:04:39.110 align:start position:0% walking Among Us and and reasonable people<00:04:37.039> grew<00:04:37.479> suspicious<00:04:38.199> about<00:04:38.560> hey<00:04:38.800> maybe 00:04:39.110 --> 00:04:39.120 align:start position:0% people grew suspicious about hey maybe 00:04:39.120 --> 00:04:41.710 align:start position:0% people grew suspicious about hey maybe this<00:04:39.320> PCR<00:04:39.880> is<00:04:40.120> like<00:04:40.600> bogus<00:04:41.120> maybe<00:04:41.400> this<00:04:41.520> is 00:04:41.710 --> 00:04:41.720 align:start position:0% this PCR is like bogus maybe this is 00:04:41.720 --> 00:04:43.550 align:start position:0% this PCR is like bogus maybe this is lying<00:04:42.120> to<00:04:42.320> us<00:04:42.479> or<00:04:42.639> something<00:04:42.960> like<00:04:43.160> that 00:04:43.550 --> 00:04:43.560 align:start position:0% lying to us or something like that 00:04:43.560 --> 00:04:45.110 align:start position:0% lying to us or something like that because<00:04:43.759> I<00:04:44.039> it's<00:04:44.160> not<00:04:44.360> really<00:04:44.600> working<00:04:45.000> when 00:04:45.110 --> 00:04:45.120 align:start position:0% because I it's not really working when 00:04:45.120 --> 00:04:46.790 align:start position:0% because I it's not really working when we're<00:04:45.280> trying<00:04:45.479> to<00:04:45.680> just<00:04:45.919> quarantine<00:04:46.520> People 00:04:46.790 --> 00:04:46.800 align:start position:0% we're trying to just quarantine People 00:04:46.800 --> 00:04:50.189 align:start position:0% we're trying to just quarantine People based<00:04:47.039> on<00:04:47.280> being<00:04:47.720> sick<00:04:48.720> and<00:04:48.919> again<00:04:49.680> future 00:04:50.189 --> 00:04:50.199 align:start position:0% based on being sick and again future 00:04:50.199 --> 00:04:52.469 align:start position:0% based on being sick and again future pandemics<00:04:50.759> need<00:04:51.039> to<00:04:51.520> respond<00:04:51.960> to<00:04:52.199> this<00:04:52.360> kind 00:04:52.469 --> 00:04:52.479 align:start position:0% pandemics need to respond to this kind 00:04:52.479 --> 00:04:55.150 align:start position:0% pandemics need to respond to this kind of<00:04:52.680> situation<00:04:53.240> in<00:04:53.400> a<00:04:53.520> way<00:04:53.880> that<00:04:54.160> preserves 00:04:55.150 --> 00:04:55.160 align:start position:0% of situation in a way that preserves 00:04:55.160 --> 00:04:57.550 align:start position:0% of situation in a way that preserves social<00:04:55.680> trust<00:04:56.320> we<00:04:56.440> need<00:04:56.560> to<00:04:56.720> plan<00:04:56.960> on<00:04:57.199> this<00:04:57.400> as 00:04:57.550 --> 00:04:57.560 align:start position:0% social trust we need to plan on this as 00:04:57.560 --> 00:04:59.110 align:start position:0% social trust we need to plan on this as being<00:04:57.759> a<00:04:57.919> real<00:04:58.199> thing<00:04:58.520> and<00:04:58.639> I<00:04:58.720> think<00:04:58.880> that<00:04:59.000> the 00:04:59.110 --> 00:04:59.120 align:start position:0% being a real thing and I think that the 00:04:59.120 --> 00:05:01.430 align:start position:0% being a real thing and I think that the information<00:04:59.800> blockchain<00:05:00.720> might<00:05:00.919> be<00:05:01.160> one 00:05:01.430 --> 00:05:01.440 align:start position:0% information blockchain might be one 00:05:01.440 --> 00:05:03.710 align:start position:0% information blockchain might be one solution<00:05:01.840> to<00:05:02.039> this 00:05:03.710 --> 00:05:03.720 align:start position:0% solution to this 00:05:03.720 --> 00:05:06.150 align:start position:0% solution to this problem<00:05:04.720> here's<00:05:05.240> here's<00:05:05.400> a<00:05:05.600> result<00:05:05.919> of<00:05:06.039> a 00:05:06.150 --> 00:05:06.160 align:start position:0% problem here's here's a result of a 00:05:06.160 --> 00:05:07.870 align:start position:0% problem here's here's a result of a whole<00:05:06.320> bunch<00:05:06.479> of<00:05:06.720> positives<00:05:07.280> that<00:05:07.440> we<00:05:07.720> I'm 00:05:07.870 --> 00:05:07.880 align:start position:0% whole bunch of positives that we I'm 00:05:07.880 --> 00:05:09.510 align:start position:0% whole bunch of positives that we I'm showing<00:05:08.240> you<00:05:08.400> from<00:05:08.639> just<00:05:08.880> one<00:05:09.120> month<00:05:09.360> of 00:05:09.510 --> 00:05:09.520 align:start position:0% showing you from just one month of 00:05:09.520 --> 00:05:11.629 align:start position:0% showing you from just one month of testing<00:05:09.840> we<00:05:09.960> did<00:05:10.120> like<00:05:10.280> 300,000<00:05:11.039> people<00:05:11.400> uh 00:05:11.629 --> 00:05:11.639 align:start position:0% testing we did like 300,000 people uh 00:05:11.639 --> 00:05:14.469 align:start position:0% testing we did like 300,000 people uh 300,000<00:05:12.280> tests<00:05:12.639> over<00:05:12.840> two-year<00:05:13.280> period<00:05:14.199> And 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align:start position:0% CT values in PCR space um it's minus the 00:05:22.400 --> 00:05:24.309 align:start position:0% CT values in PCR space um it's minus the log<00:05:22.600> of<00:05:22.720> the<00:05:22.800> CT<00:05:23.199> value<00:05:23.479> is<00:05:23.720> kind<00:05:23.840> of<00:05:23.960> related 00:05:24.309 --> 00:05:24.319 align:start position:0% log of the CT value is kind of related 00:05:24.319 --> 00:05:26.790 align:start position:0% log of the CT value is kind of related to<00:05:24.479> two<00:05:24.919> to<00:05:25.080> the<00:05:25.199> log<00:05:25.560> of<00:05:25.880> of<00:05:26.160> of<00:05:26.520> how<00:05:26.639> much 00:05:26.790 --> 00:05:26.800 align:start position:0% to two to the log of of of how much 00:05:26.800 --> 00:05:29.309 align:start position:0% to two to the log of of of how much starting<00:05:27.199> material<00:05:27.680> there<00:05:27.840> is<00:05:28.120> so<00:05:28.759> these<00:05:29.120> very 00:05:29.309 --> 00:05:29.319 align:start position:0% starting material there is so these very 00:05:29.319 --> 00:05:31.590 align:start position:0% starting material there is so these very low<00:05:29.800> CT<00:05:30.120> values<00:05:30.560> down<00:05:30.759> here<00:05:30.880> at<00:05:31.039> 10<00:05:31.360> they<00:05:31.479> have 00:05:31.590 --> 00:05:31.600 align:start position:0% low CT values down here at 10 they have 00:05:31.600 --> 00:05:33.510 align:start position:0% low CT values down here at 10 they have a<00:05:31.720> lot<00:05:31.880> of<00:05:32.039> virus<00:05:32.440> and<00:05:32.639> these<00:05:32.800> higher<00:05:33.080> CT 00:05:33.510 --> 00:05:33.520 align:start position:0% a lot of virus and these higher CT 00:05:33.520 --> 00:05:36.189 align:start position:0% a lot of virus and these higher CT values<00:05:33.880> around<00:05:34.199> 30<00:05:34.800> or<00:05:34.960> 32<00:05:35.479> they<00:05:35.600> have<00:05:35.759> a<00:05:35.880> small 00:05:36.189 --> 00:05:36.199 align:start position:0% values around 30 or 32 they have a small 00:05:36.199 --> 00:05:38.350 align:start position:0% values around 30 or 32 they have a small amount<00:05:36.400> of<00:05:36.560> virus<00:05:37.479> those<00:05:37.800> people<00:05:38.080> at<00:05:38.240> the 00:05:38.350 --> 00:05:38.360 align:start position:0% amount of virus those people at the 00:05:38.360 --> 00:05:40.629 align:start position:0% amount of virus those people at the bottom<00:05:38.639> in<00:05:38.800> that<00:05:39.000> Circle<00:05:39.680> have<00:05:39.840> a<00:05:40.080> billion 00:05:40.629 --> 00:05:40.639 align:start position:0% bottom in that Circle have a billion 00:05:40.639 --> 00:05:42.469 align:start position:0% bottom in that Circle have a billion times<00:05:41.080> more<00:05:41.360> it's<00:05:41.479> a<00:05:41.600> log<00:05:41.840> scale<00:05:42.160> they<00:05:42.240> got<00:05:42.360> a 00:05:42.469 --> 00:05:42.479 align:start position:0% times more it's a log scale they got a 00:05:42.479 --> 00:05:44.189 align:start position:0% times more it's a log scale they got a billion<00:05:42.840> times<00:05:43.080> more<00:05:43.319> virus<00:05:43.759> than<00:05:43.919> the 00:05:44.189 --> 00:05:44.199 align:start position:0% billion times more virus than the 00:05:44.199 --> 00:05:46.950 align:start position:0% billion times more virus than the average<00:05:45.199> those<00:05:45.319> are<00:05:45.479> our<00:05:45.720> super<00:05:46.039> spreaders 00:05:46.950 --> 00:05:46.960 align:start position:0% average those are our super spreaders 00:05:46.960 --> 00:05:49.070 align:start position:0% average those are our super spreaders and<00:05:47.120> that's<00:05:47.440> probably<00:05:47.880> what<00:05:48.080> happened<00:05:48.680> in<00:05:48.960> the 00:05:49.070 --> 00:05:49.080 align:start position:0% and that's probably what happened in the 00:05:49.080 --> 00:05:52.710 align:start position:0% and that's probably what happened in the Wuhan<00:05:49.560> Market<00:05:50.479> someone<00:05:51.160> was<00:05:51.560> infected<00:05:52.560> and 00:05:52.710 --> 00:05:52.720 align:start position:0% Wuhan Market someone was infected and 00:05:52.720 --> 00:05:54.110 align:start position:0% Wuhan Market someone was infected and didn't<00:05:53.000> know<00:05:53.240> it<00:05:53.440> because<00:05:53.759> they<00:05:53.840> were<00:05:53.960> an 00:05:54.110 --> 00:05:54.120 align:start position:0% didn't know it because they were an 00:05:54.120 --> 00:05:55.909 align:start position:0% didn't know it because they were an asymptomatic<00:05:54.840> super<00:05:55.199> spreader<00:05:55.560> but<00:05:55.639> they<00:05:55.759> had 00:05:55.909 --> 00:05:55.919 align:start position:0% asymptomatic super spreader but they had 00:05:55.919 --> 00:05:57.350 align:start position:0% asymptomatic super spreader but they had enough<00:05:56.199> virus<00:05:56.520> that<00:05:56.720> they<00:05:56.800> could<00:05:57.000> infect 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and<00:06:04.600> it<00:06:04.800> causes<00:06:05.479> mistrust<00:06:06.280> to<00:06:06.520> develop 00:06:07.390 --> 00:06:07.400 align:start position:0% um and it causes mistrust to develop 00:06:07.400 --> 00:06:09.029 align:start position:0% um and it causes mistrust to develop because<00:06:07.880> people<00:06:08.080> are<00:06:08.240> getting<00:06:08.520> sick<00:06:08.800> and<00:06:08.919> you 00:06:09.029 --> 00:06:09.039 align:start position:0% because people are getting sick and you 00:06:09.039 --> 00:06:11.110 align:start position:0% because people are getting sick and you don't<00:06:09.160> know<00:06:09.360> who<00:06:09.520> they<00:06:09.639> were<00:06:09.880> exposed<00:06:10.319> to<00:06:11.000> you 00:06:11.110 --> 00:06:11.120 align:start position:0% don't know who they were exposed to you 00:06:11.120 --> 00:06:14.150 align:start position:0% don't know who they were exposed to you know<00:06:11.560> are<00:06:11.720> they<00:06:12.160> somehow<00:06:13.160> um<00:06:13.639> you<00:06:13.759> know 00:06:14.150 --> 00:06:14.160 align:start position:0% know are they somehow um you know 00:06:14.160 --> 00:06:15.909 align:start position:0% know are they somehow um you know worshiping<00:06:14.680> the<00:06:14.840> wrong<00:06:15.160> God<00:06:15.440> or<00:06:15.599> are<00:06:15.720> they<00:06:15.800> in 00:06:15.909 --> 00:06:15.919 align:start position:0% worshiping the wrong God or are they in 00:06:15.919 --> 00:06:17.430 align:start position:0% worshiping the wrong God or are they in the<00:06:16.039> wrong<00:06:16.240> political<00:06:16.680> party<00:06:17.000> are<00:06:17.160> they 00:06:17.430 --> 00:06:17.440 align:start position:0% the wrong political party are they 00:06:17.440 --> 00:06:19.670 align:start position:0% the wrong political party are they guilty<00:06:17.759> of<00:06:17.919> wrong<00:06:18.240> think<00:06:18.800> and<00:06:18.919> then<00:06:19.319> the<00:06:19.479> the 00:06:19.670 --> 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--> 00:06:29.830 align:start position:0% social trust and Society begins to deteriorate<00:06:28.880> this<00:06:29.000> is<00:06:29.160> what<00:06:29.280> this<00:06:29.639> really 00:06:29.830 --> 00:06:29.840 align:start position:0% deteriorate this is what this really 00:06:29.840 --> 00:06:31.670 align:start position:0% deteriorate this is what this really really<00:06:30.120> happened<00:06:30.680> uh<00:06:30.759> during<00:06:31.080> the<00:06:31.280> pandemic 00:06:31.670 --> 00:06:31.680 align:start position:0% really happened uh during the pandemic 00:06:31.680 --> 00:06:33.110 align:start position:0% really happened uh during the pandemic and<00:06:31.800> we're<00:06:31.960> still<00:06:32.199> dealing<00:06:32.560> dealing<00:06:32.840> with<00:06:33.000> the 00:06:33.110 --> 00:06:33.120 align:start position:0% and we're still dealing dealing with the 00:06:33.120 --> 00:06:34.629 align:start position:0% and we're still dealing dealing with the consequences<00:06:33.639> of<00:06:33.759> it 00:06:34.629 --> 00:06:34.639 align:start position:0% consequences of it 00:06:34.639 --> 00:06:37.110 align:start position:0% consequences of it now<00:06:35.639> okay<00:06:35.759> a<00:06:35.840> few<00:06:36.000> words<00:06:36.240> about<00:06:36.440> the<00:06:36.560> MRNA 00:06:37.110 --> 00:06:37.120 align:start position:0% now okay a few words about the MRNA 00:06:37.120 --> 00:06:39.469 align:start position:0% now okay a few words about the MRNA vaccine<00:06:38.000> the<00:06:38.120> MRNA<00:06:38.599> vaccines<00:06:39.039> came<00:06:39.199> on<00:06:39.360> the 00:06:39.469 --> 00:06:39.479 align:start position:0% vaccine the MRNA vaccines came on the 00:06:39.479 --> 00:06:41.189 align:start position:0% vaccine the MRNA vaccines came on the scene<00:06:40.160> uh<00:06:40.280> they<00:06:40.360> were<00:06:40.520> deployed<00:06:40.880> under<00:06:41.080> an 00:06:41.189 --> 00:06:41.199 align:start position:0% scene uh they were deployed under an 00:06:41.199 --> 00:06:44.230 align:start position:0% scene uh they were deployed under an emergency<00:06:41.800> situation<00:06:42.599> we<00:06:42.759> didn't<00:06:43.160> have<00:06:43.520> time 00:06:44.230 --> 00:06:44.240 align:start position:0% emergency situation we didn't have time 00:06:44.240 --> 00:06:48.150 align:start position:0% emergency situation we didn't have time for<00:06:45.199> public<00:06:45.680> trust<00:06:46.199> to<00:06:46.440> develop<00:06:47.160> organically 00:06:48.150 --> 00:06:48.160 align:start position:0% for public trust to develop organically 00:06:48.160 --> 00:06:50.510 align:start position:0% for public trust to develop organically okay<00:06:48.400> it<00:06:48.520> just<00:06:48.680> we<00:06:48.800> had<00:06:48.919> to<00:06:49.039> go<00:06:49.199> For<00:06:49.400> Broke<00:06:50.240> um 00:06:50.510 --> 00:06:50.520 align:start position:0% okay it just we had to go For Broke um 00:06:50.520 --> 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that 00:07:04.350 --> 00:07:04.360 align:start position:0% effective at preventing infection that 00:07:04.360 --> 00:07:06.390 align:start position:0% effective at preventing infection that only<00:07:04.599> lasted<00:07:04.919> for<00:07:05.240> about<00:07:05.440> a<00:07:05.599> month<00:07:06.120> and<00:07:06.240> then 00:07:06.390 --> 00:07:06.400 align:start position:0% only lasted for about a month and then 00:07:06.400 --> 00:07:08.550 align:start position:0% only lasted for about a month and then they<00:07:06.560> became<00:07:07.039> very<00:07:07.639> ineffective<00:07:08.319> at 00:07:08.550 --> 00:07:08.560 align:start position:0% they became very ineffective at 00:07:08.560 --> 00:07:11.589 align:start position:0% they became very ineffective at preventing<00:07:09.560> transmission<00:07:10.560> they<00:07:10.720> do<00:07:11.039> have 00:07:11.589 --> 00:07:11.599 align:start position:0% preventing transmission they do have 00:07:11.599 --> 00:07:13.670 align:start position:0% preventing transmission they do have what<00:07:11.759> appears<00:07:12.080> to<00:07:12.199> be<00:07:12.400> durable<00:07:13.120> protection 00:07:13.670 --> 00:07:13.680 align:start position:0% what appears to be durable protection 00:07:13.680 --> 00:07:16.909 align:start position:0% what appears to be durable protection from<00:07:14.039> Death<00:07:14.879> about<00:07:15.120> 80%<00:07:15.840> of<00:07:15.960> the<00:07:16.120> time<00:07:16.400> it<00:07:16.520> does 00:07:16.909 --> 00:07:16.919 align:start position:0% from Death about 80% of the time it does 00:07:16.919 --> 00:07:19.629 align:start position:0% from Death about 80% of the time it does reduce<00:07:17.879> the<00:07:18.120> probability<00:07:18.680> of 00:07:19.629 --> 00:07:19.639 align:start position:0% reduce the probability of 00:07:19.639 --> 00:07:22.029 align:start position:0% reduce the probability of dying<00:07:20.639> this<00:07:20.759> is<00:07:20.919> still<00:07:21.240> hotly<00:07:21.599> debated 00:07:22.029 --> 00:07:22.039 align:start position:0% dying this is still hotly debated 00:07:22.039 --> 00:07:23.110 align:start position:0% dying this is still hotly debated because<00:07:22.280> people<00:07:22.440> don't<00:07:22.680> trust<00:07:22.960> the 00:07:23.110 --> 00:07:23.120 align:start position:0% because people don't trust the 00:07:23.120 --> 00:07:24.790 align:start position:0% because people don't trust the information<00:07:23.680> that<00:07:23.800> they're<00:07:23.960> getting<00:07:24.520> from 00:07:24.790 --> 00:07:24.800 align:start position:0% information that they're getting from 00:07:24.800 --> 00:07:27.550 align:start position:0% information that they're getting from various<00:07:25.160> sources<00:07:26.000> we<00:07:26.160> need<00:07:26.479> ways<00:07:26.919> of<00:07:27.199> having 00:07:27.550 --> 00:07:27.560 align:start position:0% various sources we need ways of having 00:07:27.560 --> 00:07:29.550 align:start position:0% various sources we need ways of having raw<00:07:27.919> data<00:07:28.199> being<00:07:28.440> uploaded<00:07:28.879> to<00:07:29.039> some<00:07:29.199> sort<00:07:29.360> of 00:07:29.550 --> 00:07:29.560 align:start position:0% raw data being uploaded to some sort of 00:07:29.560 --> 00:07:31.469 align:start position:0% raw data being uploaded to some sort of of<00:07:29.639> an<00:07:29.759> information<00:07:30.319> blockchain<00:07:31.160> so<00:07:31.319> that 00:07:31.469 --> 00:07:31.479 align:start position:0% of an information blockchain so that 00:07:31.479 --> 00:07:33.189 align:start position:0% of an information blockchain so that people<00:07:31.759> can<00:07:31.960> see<00:07:32.360> how<00:07:32.560> the<00:07:32.720> data<00:07:33.000> is 00:07:33.189 --> 00:07:33.199 align:start position:0% people can see how the data is 00:07:33.199 --> 00:07:35.430 align:start position:0% people can see how the data is accumulating<00:07:34.120> and<00:07:34.280> not<00:07:34.479> be<00:07:34.759> suspicious<00:07:35.280> of 00:07:35.430 --> 00:07:35.440 align:start position:0% accumulating and not be suspicious of 00:07:35.440 --> 00:07:37.629 align:start position:0% accumulating and not be suspicious of who<00:07:35.599> other<00:07:35.879> is<00:07:36.160> gathering<00:07:36.599> the<00:07:36.759> data<00:07:37.199> so<00:07:37.479> that 00:07:37.629 --> 00:07:37.639 align:start position:0% who other is gathering the data so that 00:07:37.639 --> 00:07:39.110 align:start position:0% who other is gathering the data so that they<00:07:37.720> can<00:07:37.919> come<00:07:38.080> to<00:07:38.319> their<00:07:38.479> own<00:07:38.720> decision 00:07:39.110 --> 00:07:39.120 align:start position:0% they can come to their own decision 00:07:39.120 --> 00:07:41.909 align:start position:0% they can come to their own decision about<00:07:39.360> whether<00:07:39.639> this<00:07:39.720> is<00:07:39.879> real<00:07:40.160> or<00:07:40.319> not<00:07:41.120> anyway 00:07:41.909 --> 00:07:41.919 align:start position:0% about whether this is real or not anyway 00:07:41.919 --> 00:07:43.990 align:start position:0% about whether this is real or not anyway um<00:07:42.080> there's<00:07:42.240> a<00:07:42.360> lot<00:07:42.479> of<00:07:42.639> side<00:07:42.919> effects<00:07:43.720> uh<00:07:43.879> that 00:07:43.990 --> 00:07:44.000 align:start position:0% um there's a lot of side effects uh that 00:07:44.000 --> 00:07:46.070 align:start position:0% um there's a lot of side effects uh that are<00:07:44.199> unexplained<00:07:45.159> and<00:07:45.599> they<00:07:45.720> tend<00:07:45.879> to<00:07:45.960> be 00:07:46.070 --> 00:07:46.080 align:start position:0% are unexplained and they tend to be 00:07:46.080 --> 00:07:48.270 align:start position:0% are unexplained and they tend to be flippantly<00:07:46.680> dismissed<00:07:47.479> and<00:07:47.639> this<00:07:47.800> causes 00:07:48.270 --> 00:07:48.280 align:start position:0% flippantly dismissed and this causes 00:07:48.280 --> 00:07:50.189 align:start position:0% flippantly dismissed and this causes more 00:07:50.189 --> 00:07:50.199 align:start position:0% more 00:07:50.199 --> 00:07:52.270 align:start position:0% more distrust<00:07:51.199> I<00:07:51.319> use<00:07:51.479> a<00:07:51.560> lot<00:07:51.680> of<00:07:51.800> sequencing 00:07:52.270 --> 00:07:52.280 align:start position:0% distrust I use a lot of sequencing 00:07:52.280 --> 00:07:54.029 align:start position:0% distrust I use a lot of sequencing technology<00:07:52.759> in<00:07:52.879> my<00:07:53.039> lab<00:07:53.280> we're<00:07:53.479> Gene<00:07:53.720> joogs 00:07:54.029 --> 00:07:54.039 align:start position:0% technology in my lab we're Gene joogs 00:07:54.039 --> 00:07:55.510 align:start position:0% technology in my lab we're Gene joogs we're<00:07:54.199> cancer<00:07:54.479> Gene<00:07:54.720> joogs<00:07:55.039> we<00:07:55.120> sequence 00:07:55.510 --> 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before I 00:08:00.639 --> 00:08:03.230 align:start position:0% didn't know we were looking for before I did<00:08:00.879> this<00:08:01.000> on<00:08:01.280> vials<00:08:01.639> at<00:08:01.759> a<00:08:01.919> vaccine<00:08:02.800> okay<00:08:03.120> this 00:08:03.230 --> 00:08:03.240 align:start position:0% did this on vials at a vaccine okay this 00:08:03.240 --> 00:08:05.670 align:start position:0% did this on vials at a vaccine okay this is<00:08:03.440> basically<00:08:03.800> an<00:08:03.960> internet<00:08:04.400> dare<00:08:05.280> that 00:08:05.670 --> 00:08:05.680 align:start position:0% is basically an internet dare that 00:08:05.680 --> 00:08:07.469 align:start position:0% is basically an internet dare that somebody<00:08:06.000> put<00:08:06.199> me<00:08:06.319> up<00:08:06.479> to<00:08:06.840> somebody<00:08:07.120> else<00:08:07.280> had 00:08:07.469 --> 00:08:07.479 align:start position:0% somebody put me up to somebody else had 00:08:07.479 --> 00:08:09.350 align:start position:0% somebody put me up to somebody else had done<00:08:07.720> this<00:08:07.960> and<00:08:08.080> I<00:08:08.159> said<00:08:08.520> this<00:08:08.639> is<00:08:08.800> crazy<00:08:09.120> so<00:08:09.280> I 00:08:09.350 --> 00:08:09.360 align:start position:0% done this and I said this is crazy so I 00:08:09.360 --> 00:08:10.830 align:start position:0% done this and I said this is crazy so I did<00:08:09.479> it<00:08:09.599> myself<00:08:09.879> and<00:08:10.000> lo<00:08:10.159> and<00:08:10.280> behold<00:08:10.560> I 00:08:10.830 --> 00:08:10.840 align:start position:0% did it myself and lo and behold I 00:08:10.840 --> 00:08:13.350 align:start position:0% did it myself and lo and behold I discovered<00:08:11.039> a<00:08:11.120> bunch<00:08:11.280> of<00:08:11.400> DNA<00:08:12.000> pieces<00:08:13.000> uh<00:08:13.159> in 00:08:13.350 --> 00:08:13.360 align:start position:0% discovered a bunch of DNA pieces uh in 00:08:13.360 --> 00:08:15.670 align:start position:0% discovered a bunch of DNA pieces uh in the<00:08:13.560> MRNA<00:08:14.159> vaccines<00:08:14.720> I<00:08:14.840> thought<00:08:15.080> wow<00:08:15.479> this 00:08:15.670 --> 00:08:15.680 align:start position:0% the MRNA vaccines I thought wow this 00:08:15.680 --> 00:08:17.430 align:start position:0% the MRNA vaccines I thought wow this might<00:08:16.000> be<00:08:16.199> the<00:08:16.360> explanation<00:08:16.960> for<00:08:17.159> some<00:08:17.280> of 00:08:17.430 --> 00:08:17.440 align:start position:0% might be the explanation for some of 00:08:17.440 --> 00:08:18.670 align:start position:0% might be the explanation for some of these<00:08:17.639> side<00:08:17.879> effects<00:08:18.159> that<00:08:18.319> people<00:08:18.520> are 00:08:18.670 --> 00:08:18.680 align:start position:0% these side effects that people are 00:08:18.680 --> 00:08:21.149 align:start position:0% these side effects that people are seeing<00:08:19.680> we<00:08:19.800> should<00:08:20.039> check<00:08:20.280> into<00:08:20.599> this<00:08:20.800> and<00:08:20.960> see 00:08:21.149 --> 00:08:21.159 align:start position:0% seeing we should check into this and see 00:08:21.159 --> 00:08:23.110 align:start position:0% seeing we should check into this and see if<00:08:21.280> these<00:08:21.440> little<00:08:21.639> bits<00:08:21.840> of<00:08:22.000> DNA<00:08:22.680> are<00:08:22.879> getting 00:08:23.110 --> 00:08:23.120 align:start position:0% if these little bits of DNA are getting 00:08:23.120 --> 00:08:25.510 align:start position:0% if these little bits of DNA are getting into<00:08:23.479> the<00:08:23.599> Human<00:08:23.840> Genome<00:08:24.240> of<00:08:24.440> vaccinated 00:08:25.510 --> 00:08:25.520 align:start position:0% into the Human Genome of vaccinated 00:08:25.520 --> 00:08:29.110 align:start position:0% into the Human Genome of vaccinated people<00:08:26.520> the<00:08:26.680> public<00:08:27.280> deserves<00:08:27.800> to<00:08:28.039> know<00:08:28.960> what 00:08:29.110 --> 00:08:29.120 align:start position:0% people the public deserves to know what 00:08:29.120 --> 00:08:31.629 align:start position:0% people the public deserves to know what they're<00:08:29.520> taking<00:08:30.319> if<00:08:30.440> it's<00:08:30.599> a<00:08:30.800> vaccine<00:08:31.360> or 00:08:31.629 --> 00:08:31.639 align:start position:0% they're taking if it's a vaccine or 00:08:31.639 --> 00:08:33.350 align:start position:0% they're taking if it's a vaccine or anything<00:08:32.000> else<00:08:32.320> the<00:08:32.479> public<00:08:32.800> deserves<00:08:33.200> to 00:08:33.350 --> 00:08:33.360 align:start position:0% anything else the public deserves to 00:08:33.360 --> 00:08:35.870 align:start position:0% anything else the public deserves to know<00:08:33.680> what's<00:08:33.919> in<00:08:34.080> it<00:08:34.680> and<00:08:34.839> molecular<00:08:35.360> biology 00:08:35.870 --> 00:08:35.880 align:start position:0% know what's in it and molecular biology 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um<00:08:45.320> a<00:08:45.600> a<00:08:45.720> modern<00:08:46.240> very<00:08:46.519> cheap<00:08:47.200> uh 00:08:47.430 --> 00:08:47.440 align:start position:0% using a um a a modern very cheap uh 00:08:47.440 --> 00:08:49.509 align:start position:0% using a um a a modern very cheap uh Deployable<00:08:48.279> sequencing<00:08:48.839> platform<00:08:49.240> I'll<00:08:49.399> tell 00:08:49.509 --> 00:08:49.519 align:start position:0% Deployable sequencing platform I'll tell 00:08:49.519 --> 00:08:50.790 align:start position:0% Deployable sequencing platform I'll tell you<00:08:49.640> about<00:08:49.760> it<00:08:49.880> later<00:08:50.120> if<00:08:50.200> you<00:08:50.320> ask<00:08:50.480> me<00:08:50.640> about 00:08:50.790 --> 00:08:50.800 align:start position:0% you about it later if you ask me about 00:08:50.800 --> 00:08:53.630 align:start position:0% you about it later if you ask me about it<00:08:51.600> uh<00:08:51.760> this<00:08:52.160> this<00:08:52.360> technology<00:08:53.120> you<00:08:53.240> can<00:08:53.480> use 00:08:53.630 --> 00:08:53.640 align:start position:0% it uh this this technology you can use 00:08:53.640 --> 00:08:55.150 align:start position:0% it uh this this technology you can use it<00:08:53.720> in<00:08:53.839> the<00:08:53.920> field<00:08:54.320> if<00:08:54.399> you<00:08:54.519> want<00:08:54.680> to<00:08:54.880> you<00:08:55.000> could 00:08:55.150 --> 00:08:55.160 align:start position:0% it in the field if you want to you could 00:08:55.160 --> 00:08:57.110 align:start position:0% it in the field if you want to you could sequence<00:08:55.600> something<00:08:55.839> in<00:08:55.959> the<00:08:56.080> jungle<00:08:56.760> on<00:08:56.880> your 00:08:57.110 --> 00:08:57.120 align:start position:0% sequence something in the jungle on your 00:08:57.120 --> 00:08:59.509 align:start position:0% sequence something in the jungle on your laptop<00:08:57.920> uh<00:08:58.079> it<00:08:58.200> really<00:08:58.399> does<00:08:58.640> work<00:08:59.079> anyway 00:08:59.509 --> 00:08:59.519 align:start position:0% laptop uh it really does work anyway 00:08:59.519 --> 00:09:00.670 align:start position:0% laptop uh it really does work anyway these<00:08:59.720> these<00:08:59.880> little<00:09:00.079> pieces<00:09:00.320> here<00:09:00.480> are<00:09:00.560> all 00:09:00.670 --> 00:09:00.680 align:start position:0% these these little pieces here are all 00:09:00.680 --> 00:09:01.829 align:start position:0% these these little pieces here are all the<00:09:00.760> little<00:09:00.920> pieces<00:09:01.120> of<00:09:01.240> DNA<00:09:01.519> that<00:09:01.600> we 00:09:01.829 --> 00:09:01.839 align:start position:0% the little pieces of DNA that we 00:09:01.839 --> 00:09:03.190 align:start position:0% the little pieces of DNA that we discovered<00:09:02.040> in<00:09:02.120> a<00:09:02.279> vaccine<00:09:02.640> there's<00:09:02.800> a<00:09:02.880> lot<00:09:03.079> of 00:09:03.190 --> 00:09:03.200 align:start position:0% discovered in a vaccine there's a lot of 00:09:03.200 --> 00:09:06.829 align:start position:0% discovered in a vaccine there's a lot of them<00:09:04.079> um<00:09:04.959> and<00:09:05.240> using<00:09:05.600> this<00:09:05.800> technology<00:09:06.680> you 00:09:06.829 --> 00:09:06.839 align:start position:0% them um and using this technology you 00:09:06.839 --> 00:09:07.949 align:start position:0% them um and using this technology you don't<00:09:07.040> have<00:09:07.120> to<00:09:07.240> know<00:09:07.480> what<00:09:07.560> you're<00:09:07.720> looking 00:09:07.949 --> 00:09:07.959 align:start position:0% don't have to know what you're looking 00:09:07.959 --> 00:09:09.350 align:start position:0% don't have to know what you're looking for<00:09:08.200> and<00:09:08.360> you<00:09:08.440> can<00:09:08.600> see<00:09:08.959> what's<00:09:09.120> in<00:09:09.240> your 00:09:09.350 --> 00:09:09.360 align:start position:0% for and you can see what's in your 00:09:09.360 --> 00:09:11.310 align:start position:0% for and you can see what's in your saliva<00:09:10.079> what's<00:09:10.240> in<00:09:10.360> your<00:09:10.560> vaccine<00:09:11.040> what's<00:09:11.200> in 00:09:11.310 --> 00:09:11.320 align:start position:0% saliva what's in your vaccine what's in 00:09:11.320 --> 00:09:13.630 align:start position:0% saliva what's in your vaccine what's in your<00:09:11.480> food<00:09:11.839> what's<00:09:12.040> in<00:09:12.160> your<00:09:12.399> environment<00:09:13.399> all 00:09:13.630 --> 00:09:13.640 align:start position:0% your food what's in your environment all 00:09:13.640 --> 00:09:14.870 align:start position:0% your food what's in your environment all these<00:09:13.839> things<00:09:14.079> can<00:09:14.200> be<00:09:14.399> answered<00:09:14.720> by 00:09:14.870 --> 00:09:14.880 align:start position:0% these things can be answered by 00:09:14.880 --> 00:09:17.710 align:start position:0% these things can be answered by sequencing<00:09:15.880> but<00:09:16.160> public<00:09:16.560> trust<00:09:17.040> can<00:09:17.240> only<00:09:17.480> be 00:09:17.710 --> 00:09:17.720 align:start position:0% sequencing but public trust can only be 00:09:17.720 --> 00:09:21.030 align:start position:0% sequencing but public trust can only be generated<00:09:18.399> by<00:09:18.680> making<00:09:19.040> this<00:09:19.640> data<00:09:20.640> on<00:09:20.880> some 00:09:21.030 --> 00:09:21.040 align:start position:0% generated by making this data on some 00:09:21.040 --> 00:09:24.190 align:start position:0% generated by making this data on some sort<00:09:21.240> of<00:09:21.360> a<00:09:21.560> public<00:09:22.160> Ledger<00:09:23.160> and<00:09:23.560> and<00:09:23.839> it'<00:09:24.000> be 00:09:24.190 --> 00:09:24.200 align:start position:0% sort of a public Ledger and and it' be 00:09:24.200 --> 00:09:26.590 align:start position:0% sort of a public Ledger and and it' be collected<00:09:24.640> by<00:09:24.880> multiple<00:09:25.600> sources<00:09:26.399> and 00:09:26.590 --> 00:09:26.600 align:start position:0% collected by multiple sources and 00:09:26.600 --> 00:09:28.389 align:start position:0% collected by multiple sources and everybody<00:09:27.040> can<00:09:27.240> just<00:09:27.480> inspect<00:09:27.880> it<00:09:28.000> to<00:09:28.160> see 00:09:28.389 --> 00:09:28.399 align:start position:0% everybody can just inspect it to see 00:09:28.399 --> 00:09:30.630 align:start position:0% everybody can just inspect it to see what's<00:09:28.720> there<00:09:29.399> think<00:09:29.560> of<00:09:29.720> this<00:09:29.920> kind<00:09:30.079> of<00:09:30.240> data 00:09:30.630 --> 00:09:30.640 align:start position:0% what's there think of this kind of data 00:09:30.640 --> 00:09:33.389 align:start position:0% what's there think of this kind of data as<00:09:30.760> a<00:09:30.920> form<00:09:31.160> of<00:09:31.279> a<00:09:31.560> contract<00:09:32.480> you<00:09:32.600> know<00:09:32.959> or<00:09:33.200> or 00:09:33.389 --> 00:09:33.399 align:start position:0% as a form of a contract you know or or 00:09:33.399 --> 00:09:35.310 align:start position:0% as a form of a contract you know or or some<00:09:33.560> sort<00:09:33.800> of<00:09:33.880> a<00:09:34.040> blockchain<00:09:34.519> of<00:09:34.760> currency 00:09:35.310 --> 00:09:35.320 align:start position:0% some sort of a blockchain of currency 00:09:35.320 --> 00:09:37.430 align:start position:0% some sort of a blockchain of currency that<00:09:35.440> you<00:09:35.560> might<00:09:35.839> want<00:09:36.040> to<00:09:36.519> generate<00:09:37.000> public 00:09:37.430 --> 00:09:37.440 align:start position:0% that you might want to generate public 00:09:37.440 --> 00:09:38.949 align:start position:0% that you might want to generate public confidence 00:09:38.949 --> 00:09:38.959 align:start position:0% confidence 00:09:38.959 --> 00:09:41.430 align:start position:0% confidence in<00:09:39.959> so<00:09:40.200> we<00:09:40.279> are<00:09:40.440> doing<00:09:40.680> some<00:09:40.880> studies<00:09:41.240> now 00:09:41.430 --> 00:09:41.440 align:start position:0% in so we are doing some studies now 00:09:41.440 --> 00:09:42.870 align:start position:0% in so we are doing some studies now where<00:09:41.560> we're<00:09:41.760> monitoring<00:09:42.320> The<00:09:42.480> genome 00:09:42.870 --> 00:09:42.880 align:start position:0% where we're monitoring The genome 00:09:42.880 --> 00:09:44.630 align:start position:0% where we're monitoring The genome Integrity<00:09:43.320> of<00:09:43.480> vaccinated<00:09:44.040> people<00:09:44.399> just<00:09:44.519> to 00:09:44.630 --> 00:09:44.640 align:start position:0% Integrity of vaccinated people just to 00:09:44.640 --> 00:09:46.110 align:start position:0% Integrity of vaccinated people just to see<00:09:44.839> if<00:09:44.959> this<00:09:45.120> stuff<00:09:45.360> is<00:09:45.480> ever<00:09:45.680> getting<00:09:45.920> in 00:09:46.110 --> 00:09:46.120 align:start position:0% see if this stuff is ever getting in 00:09:46.120 --> 00:09:48.550 align:start position:0% see if this stuff is ever getting in there<00:09:46.720> I<00:09:46.839> made<00:09:47.040> some<00:09:47.240> PCR<00:09:47.680> primers<00:09:48.160> against 00:09:48.550 --> 00:09:48.560 align:start position:0% there I made some PCR primers against 00:09:48.560 --> 00:09:51.030 align:start position:0% there I made some PCR primers against the<00:09:49.079> the<00:09:49.200> DNA<00:09:49.560> sequence<00:09:50.000> that<00:09:50.120> I<00:09:50.240> found<00:09:50.920> this 00:09:51.030 --> 00:09:51.040 align:start position:0% the the DNA sequence that I found this 00:09:51.040 --> 00:09:52.990 align:start position:0% the the DNA sequence that I found this is<00:09:51.200> what<00:09:51.360> real-time<00:09:51.760> PCR<00:09:52.200> looks<00:09:52.480> like<00:09:52.720> in<00:09:52.839> case 00:09:52.990 --> 00:09:53.000 align:start position:0% is what real-time PCR looks like in case 00:09:53.000 --> 00:09:54.910 align:start position:0% is what real-time PCR looks like in case you<00:09:53.079> want<00:09:53.200> to<00:09:53.399> know<00:09:54.000> the<00:09:54.120> cycle<00:09:54.440> number<00:09:54.760> here 00:09:54.910 --> 00:09:54.920 align:start position:0% you want to know the cycle number here 00:09:54.920 --> 00:09:56.750 align:start position:0% you want to know the cycle number here at<00:09:55.040> the<00:09:55.200> bottom<00:09:55.480> is<00:09:55.680> how<00:09:55.839> many<00:09:56.079> cycles<00:09:56.519> of<00:09:56.640> the 00:09:56.750 --> 00:09:56.760 align:start position:0% at the bottom is how many cycles of the 00:09:56.760 --> 00:09:58.350 align:start position:0% at the bottom is how many cycles of the machine<00:09:57.120> does<00:09:57.279> it<00:09:57.480> take<00:09:57.760> before<00:09:57.959> you<00:09:58.120> start 00:09:58.350 --> 00:09:58.360 align:start position:0% machine does it take before you start 00:09:58.360 --> 00:10:01.670 align:start position:0% machine does it take before you start seeing<00:09:58.839> product<00:09:59.640> and<00:10:00.079> the<00:10:00.279> more<00:10:01.079> Target<00:10:01.519> was 00:10:01.670 --> 00:10:01.680 align:start position:0% seeing product and the more Target was 00:10:01.680 --> 00:10:03.550 align:start position:0% seeing product and the more Target was in<00:10:01.880> the<00:10:02.000> well<00:10:02.320> to<00:10:02.519> begin<00:10:02.800> with<00:10:03.079> the<00:10:03.200> fewer 00:10:03.550 --> 00:10:03.560 align:start position:0% in the well to begin with the fewer 00:10:03.560 --> 00:10:05.389 align:start position:0% in the well to begin with the fewer Cycles<00:10:03.959> it<00:10:04.120> takes<00:10:04.440> before<00:10:04.680> you<00:10:04.800> start<00:10:05.000> seeing 00:10:05.389 --> 00:10:05.399 align:start position:0% Cycles it takes before you start seeing 00:10:05.399 --> 00:10:06.990 align:start position:0% Cycles it takes before you start seeing stuff<00:10:05.680> and<00:10:05.800> the<00:10:06.000> less<00:10:06.279> product<00:10:06.560> is<00:10:06.720> there<00:10:06.920> the 00:10:06.990 --> 00:10:07.000 align:start position:0% stuff and the less product is there the 00:10:07.000 --> 00:10:08.590 align:start position:0% stuff and the less product is there the more<00:10:07.160> Cycles<00:10:07.560> it<00:10:07.720> takes<00:10:07.920> so<00:10:08.120> that's<00:10:08.240> why<00:10:08.399> it's 00:10:08.590 --> 00:10:08.600 align:start position:0% more Cycles it takes so that's why it's 00:10:08.600 --> 00:10:10.590 align:start position:0% more Cycles it takes so that's why it's backwards<00:10:08.959> and<00:10:09.120> it's<00:10:09.240> a<00:10:09.360> log<00:10:09.640> scale<00:10:10.360> but<00:10:10.480> we 00:10:10.590 --> 00:10:10.600 align:start position:0% backwards and it's a log scale but we 00:10:10.600 --> 00:10:13.750 align:start position:0% backwards and it's a log scale but we can<00:10:10.920> quantify<00:10:11.920> down<00:10:12.160> to<00:10:12.680> the<00:10:12.839> molecule<00:10:13.399> number 00:10:13.750 --> 00:10:13.760 align:start position:0% can quantify down to the molecule number 00:10:13.760 --> 00:10:15.949 align:start position:0% can quantify down to the molecule number we<00:10:13.880> can<00:10:14.160> literally<00:10:14.560> count<00:10:14.880> molecules<00:10:15.519> in<00:10:15.720> any 00:10:15.949 --> 00:10:15.959 align:start position:0% we can literally count molecules in any 00:10:15.959 --> 00:10:17.910 align:start position:0% we can literally count molecules in any sample<00:10:16.399> with<00:10:16.600> this<00:10:17.320> with<00:10:17.480> this<00:10:17.640> kind<00:10:17.760> of 00:10:17.910 --> 00:10:17.920 align:start position:0% sample with this with this kind of 00:10:17.920 --> 00:10:20.430 align:start position:0% sample with this with this kind of technology<00:10:18.839> and<00:10:19.079> it<00:10:19.200> doesn't<00:10:19.560> suffer<00:10:20.000> from<00:10:20.279> a 00:10:20.430 --> 00:10:20.440 align:start position:0% technology and it doesn't suffer from a 00:10:20.440 --> 00:10:23.310 align:start position:0% technology and it doesn't suffer from a false<00:10:20.920> positive<00:10:21.720> uh<00:10:21.839> from<00:10:22.000> too<00:10:22.200> many<00:10:22.440> cycles 00:10:23.310 --> 00:10:23.320 align:start position:0% false positive uh from too many cycles 00:10:23.320 --> 00:10:25.790 align:start position:0% false positive uh from too many cycles um<00:10:23.720> it's<00:10:24.160> it's 00:10:25.790 --> 00:10:25.800 align:start position:0% um it's it's 00:10:25.800 --> 00:10:29.069 align:start position:0% um it's it's reliable<00:10:26.800> so<00:10:26.959> we<00:10:27.079> did<00:10:27.200> an<00:10:27.680> experiment<00:10:28.680> can<00:10:28.959> the 00:10:29.069 --> 00:10:29.079 align:start position:0% reliable so we did an experiment can the 00:10:29.079 --> 00:10:30.910 align:start position:0% reliable so we did an experiment can the little<00:10:29.440> pieces<00:10:29.680> of<00:10:29.839> DNA<00:10:30.240> that<00:10:30.320> are<00:10:30.480> in<00:10:30.600> the 00:10:30.910 --> 00:10:30.920 align:start position:0% little pieces of DNA that are in the 00:10:30.920 --> 00:10:33.150 align:start position:0% little pieces of DNA that are in the vaccine<00:10:31.920> um<00:10:32.120> ever<00:10:32.399> get<00:10:32.560> into<00:10:32.800> the<00:10:32.920> human 00:10:33.150 --> 00:10:33.160 align:start position:0% vaccine um ever get into the human 00:10:33.160 --> 00:10:35.110 align:start position:0% vaccine um ever get into the human genome<00:10:33.760> and<00:10:33.920> modify<00:10:34.320> it<00:10:34.480> I<00:10:34.600> know<00:10:34.760> it's<00:10:35.000> this 00:10:35.110 --> 00:10:35.120 align:start position:0% genome and modify it I know it's this 00:10:35.120 --> 00:10:36.629 align:start position:0% genome and modify it I know it's this was<00:10:35.320> theoretically<00:10:35.880> possible<00:10:36.200> and<00:10:36.320> I<00:10:36.440> said 00:10:36.629 --> 00:10:36.639 align:start position:0% was theoretically possible and I said 00:10:36.639 --> 00:10:38.790 align:start position:0% was theoretically possible and I said this<00:10:36.880> publicly<00:10:37.320> about<00:10:37.519> a<00:10:37.600> year<00:10:37.800> ago<00:10:38.519> well<00:10:38.680> we 00:10:38.790 --> 00:10:38.800 align:start position:0% this publicly about a year ago well we 00:10:38.800 --> 00:10:40.269 align:start position:0% this publicly about a year ago well we did<00:10:38.920> an<00:10:39.120> experiment<00:10:39.519> to<00:10:39.680> prove<00:10:39.880> it<00:10:40.040> we<00:10:40.120> took 00:10:40.269 --> 00:10:40.279 align:start position:0% did an experiment to prove it we took 00:10:40.279 --> 00:10:43.550 align:start position:0% did an experiment to prove it we took some<00:10:40.480> normal<00:10:41.279> human<00:10:42.160> colon<00:10:42.639> organoids<00:10:43.399> these 00:10:43.550 --> 00:10:43.560 align:start position:0% some normal human colon organoids these 00:10:43.560 --> 00:10:46.230 align:start position:0% some normal human colon organoids these are<00:10:43.720> normal<00:10:44.079> cells<00:10:44.839> and<00:10:45.000> we<00:10:45.279> vaccinated<00:10:45.880> them 00:10:46.230 --> 00:10:46.240 align:start position:0% are normal cells and we vaccinated them 00:10:46.240 --> 00:10:48.269 align:start position:0% are normal cells and we vaccinated them in<00:10:46.399> the<00:10:46.519> lab<00:10:46.839> by<00:10:47.000> just<00:10:47.360> putting<00:10:47.639> the<00:10:47.800> vaccine 00:10:48.269 --> 00:10:48.279 align:start position:0% in the lab by just putting the vaccine 00:10:48.279 --> 00:10:50.509 align:start position:0% in the lab by just putting the vaccine in<00:10:48.440> the<00:10:48.519> media<00:10:49.399> and<00:10:49.560> let<00:10:49.720> it<00:10:49.880> incubate<00:10:50.320> for<00:10:50.440> a 00:10:50.509 --> 00:10:50.519 align:start position:0% in the media and let it incubate for a 00:10:50.519 --> 00:10:51.990 align:start position:0% in the media and let it incubate for a little<00:10:50.720> while<00:10:51.040> and<00:10:51.120> then<00:10:51.360> washed<00:10:51.680> them<00:10:51.880> and 00:10:51.990 --> 00:10:52.000 align:start position:0% little while and then washed them and 00:10:52.000 --> 00:10:53.750 align:start position:0% little while and then washed them and then<00:10:52.120> grew<00:10:52.480> them<00:10:52.680> and<00:10:52.839> washed<00:10:53.160> them<00:10:53.399> over<00:10:53.600> a 00:10:53.750 --> 00:10:53.760 align:start position:0% then grew them and washed them over a 00:10:53.760 --> 00:10:55.110 align:start position:0% then grew them and washed them over a month<00:10:54.040> and<00:10:54.200> kept<00:10:54.440> washing<00:10:54.800> them<00:10:54.959> and 00:10:55.110 --> 00:10:55.120 align:start position:0% month and kept washing them and 00:10:55.120 --> 00:10:57.389 align:start position:0% month and kept washing them and passaging<00:10:55.639> them<00:10:55.839> and<00:10:55.959> then<00:10:56.040> we<00:10:56.160> did<00:10:56.279> the<00:10:56.440> PCR 00:10:57.389 --> 00:10:57.399 align:start position:0% passaging them and then we did the PCR 00:10:57.399 --> 00:10:59.430 align:start position:0% passaging them and then we did the PCR on<00:10:57.560> the<00:10:57.720> genomic<00:10:58.120> DNA<00:10:58.480> and<00:10:58.560> lo<00:10:58.720> and<00:10:58.880> behold 00:10:59.430 --> 00:10:59.440 align:start position:0% on the genomic DNA and lo and behold 00:10:59.440 --> 00:11:01.470 align:start position:0% on the genomic DNA and lo and behold there's<00:10:59.680> stuff<00:10:59.959> there<00:11:00.519> and<00:11:00.639> it's<00:11:01.040> the<00:11:01.160> exact 00:11:01.470 --> 00:11:01.480 align:start position:0% there's stuff there and it's the exact 00:11:01.480 --> 00:11:03.069 align:start position:0% there's stuff there and it's the exact same<00:11:01.760> frequency<00:11:02.200> that<00:11:02.320> I<00:11:02.440> predicted<00:11:02.800> about<00:11:03.000> a 00:11:03.069 --> 00:11:03.079 align:start position:0% same frequency that I predicted about a 00:11:03.079 --> 00:11:05.829 align:start position:0% same frequency that I predicted about a year<00:11:03.240> ago<00:11:03.560> about<00:11:03.760> 1<00:11:03.959> in<00:11:04.079> a<00:11:04.279> th000<00:11:04.720> to<00:11:04.920> one<00:11:05.160> in 00:11:05.829 --> 00:11:05.839 align:start position:0% year ago about 1 in a th000 to one in 00:11:05.839 --> 00:11:09.190 align:start position:0% year ago about 1 in a th000 to one in and<00:11:06.440> 10,000<00:11:07.160> cells<00:11:08.160> have<00:11:08.320> taken<00:11:08.600> up<00:11:08.839> different 00:11:09.190 --> 00:11:09.200 align:start position:0% and 10,000 cells have taken up different 00:11:09.200 --> 00:11:10.750 align:start position:0% and 10,000 cells have taken up different pieces<00:11:09.639> of<00:11:09.839> this<00:11:10.040> vaccine<00:11:10.399> and<00:11:10.560> it's<00:11:10.639> a 00:11:10.750 --> 00:11:10.760 align:start position:0% pieces of this vaccine and it's a 00:11:10.760 --> 00:11:13.069 align:start position:0% pieces of this vaccine and it's a permanent<00:11:11.120> fixture<00:11:11.480> of<00:11:11.560> their<00:11:11.680> genomes<00:11:12.200> now 00:11:13.069 --> 00:11:13.079 align:start position:0% permanent fixture of their genomes now 00:11:13.079 --> 00:11:15.269 align:start position:0% permanent fixture of their genomes now okay<00:11:13.360> this<00:11:13.480> is<00:11:13.600> not<00:11:13.800> surprising<00:11:14.360> based<00:11:14.639> on 00:11:15.269 --> 00:11:15.279 align:start position:0% okay this is not surprising based on 00:11:15.279 --> 00:11:17.150 align:start position:0% okay this is not surprising based on molecular<00:11:15.720> biology<00:11:16.160> first<00:11:16.440> principles<00:11:17.000> we've 00:11:17.150 --> 00:11:17.160 align:start position:0% molecular biology first principles we've 00:11:17.160 --> 00:11:18.230 align:start position:0% molecular biology first principles we've been<00:11:17.279> doing<00:11:17.480> this<00:11:17.600> for<00:11:17.760> years<00:11:17.959> in<00:11:18.079> the 00:11:18.230 --> 00:11:18.240 align:start position:0% been doing this for years in the 00:11:18.240 --> 00:11:20.030 align:start position:0% been doing this for years in the laboratory<00:11:18.839> this<00:11:18.959> proves<00:11:19.279> that<00:11:19.399> it<00:11:19.600> happens 00:11:20.030 --> 00:11:20.040 align:start position:0% laboratory this proves that it happens 00:11:20.040 --> 00:11:21.790 align:start position:0% laboratory this proves that it happens with<00:11:20.200> this<00:11:20.399> contaminating<00:11:21.000> DNA<00:11:21.480> which<00:11:21.560> is<00:11:21.680> why 00:11:21.790 --> 00:11:21.800 align:start position:0% with this contaminating DNA which is why 00:11:21.800 --> 00:11:23.750 align:start position:0% with this contaminating DNA which is why I<00:11:21.880> was<00:11:22.000> so<00:11:22.160> weirded<00:11:22.560> out<00:11:22.800> about<00:11:23.000> this<00:11:23.160> stuff 00:11:23.750 --> 00:11:23.760 align:start position:0% I was so weirded out about this stuff 00:11:23.760 --> 00:11:25.870 align:start position:0% I was so weirded out about this stuff when<00:11:23.920> I<00:11:24.079> first<00:11:24.480> discovered 00:11:25.870 --> 00:11:25.880 align:start position:0% when I first discovered 00:11:25.880 --> 00:11:27.910 align:start position:0% when I first discovered it<00:11:26.880> we've<00:11:27.079> been<00:11:27.200> looking<00:11:27.440> at<00:11:27.519> a<00:11:27.639> bunch<00:11:27.800> of 00:11:27.910 --> 00:11:27.920 align:start position:0% it we've been looking at a bunch of 00:11:27.920 --> 00:11:31.470 align:start position:0% it we've been looking at a bunch of tumors<00:11:28.880> from<00:11:29.320> cancers<00:11:29.800> that<00:11:29.959> have<00:11:30.079> shown<00:11:30.480> up 00:11:31.470 --> 00:11:31.480 align:start position:0% tumors from cancers that have shown up 00:11:31.480 --> 00:11:34.910 align:start position:0% tumors from cancers that have shown up uh<00:11:31.680> since<00:11:31.959> the<00:11:32.120> vaccine<00:11:32.440> rolled<00:11:33.000> out<00:11:34.000> and 00:11:34.910 --> 00:11:34.920 align:start position:0% uh since the vaccine rolled out and 00:11:34.920 --> 00:11:37.030 align:start position:0% uh since the vaccine rolled out and we've<00:11:35.120> just<00:11:35.320> looked<00:11:35.560> at<00:11:35.720> like<00:11:35.920> 50<00:11:36.320> tumors<00:11:36.800> so 00:11:37.030 --> 00:11:37.040 align:start position:0% we've just looked at like 50 tumors so 00:11:37.040 --> 00:11:39.990 align:start position:0% we've just looked at like 50 tumors so far<00:11:38.040> uh<00:11:38.200> that<00:11:38.320> were<00:11:38.639> not<00:11:38.920> really<00:11:39.360> selected<00:11:39.800> for 00:11:39.990 --> 00:11:40.000 align:start position:0% far uh that were not really selected for 00:11:40.000 --> 00:11:41.590 align:start position:0% far uh that were not really selected for anything<00:11:40.440> other<00:11:40.639> than<00:11:40.760> the<00:11:40.920> fact<00:11:41.120> that<00:11:41.279> they 00:11:41.590 --> 00:11:41.600 align:start position:0% anything other than the fact that they 00:11:41.600 --> 00:11:43.990 align:start position:0% anything other than the fact that they developed<00:11:42.079> in<00:11:42.200> the<00:11:42.360> last<00:11:42.600> three<00:11:42.880> years<00:11:43.760> and 00:11:43.990 --> 00:11:44.000 align:start position:0% developed in the last three years and 00:11:44.000 --> 00:11:45.310 align:start position:0% developed in the last three years and we've<00:11:44.200> got<00:11:44.320> a<00:11:44.440> couple<00:11:44.680> of<00:11:44.800> them<00:11:44.959> that<00:11:45.079> appear 00:11:45.310 --> 00:11:45.320 align:start position:0% we've got a couple of them that appear 00:11:45.320 --> 00:11:48.710 align:start position:0% we've got a couple of them that appear to<00:11:45.440> be<00:11:45.680> positive<00:11:46.360> for<00:11:46.920> bits<00:11:47.160> of<00:11:47.320> this<00:11:47.480> DNA<00:11:48.360> now 00:11:48.710 --> 00:11:48.720 align:start position:0% to be positive for bits of this DNA now 00:11:48.720 --> 00:11:51.030 align:start position:0% to be positive for bits of this DNA now we<00:11:48.800> don't<00:11:49.000> know<00:11:49.160> if<00:11:49.320> this<00:11:49.399> is<00:11:49.560> a<00:11:49.760> driver<00:11:50.200> event 00:11:51.030 --> 00:11:51.040 align:start position:0% we don't know if this is a driver event 00:11:51.040 --> 00:11:53.470 align:start position:0% we don't know if this is a driver event or<00:11:51.200> if<00:11:51.279> it's<00:11:51.399> a<00:11:51.600> passenger<00:11:52.079> event<00:11:53.000> and<00:11:53.320> we're 00:11:53.470 --> 00:11:53.480 align:start position:0% or if it's a passenger event and we're 00:11:53.480 --> 00:11:55.030 align:start position:0% or if it's a passenger event and we're doing<00:11:53.720> more<00:11:53.920> investigations<00:11:54.639> to<00:11:54.760> try<00:11:54.920> to 00:11:55.030 --> 00:11:55.040 align:start position:0% doing more investigations to try to 00:11:55.040 --> 00:11:56.829 align:start position:0% doing more investigations to try to figure<00:11:55.279> out<00:11:55.519> where<00:11:55.639> it<00:11:55.800> landed<00:11:56.240> and<00:11:56.399> if<00:11:56.480> it<00:11:56.639> has 00:11:56.829 --> 00:11:56.839 align:start position:0% figure out where it landed and if it has 00:11:56.839 --> 00:11:58.710 align:start position:0% figure out where it landed and if it has anything<00:11:57.120> to<00:11:57.240> do<00:11:57.360> with<00:11:57.480> the<00:11:57.600> tumor<00:11:57.880> or<00:11:58.040> not<00:11:58.560> but 00:11:58.710 --> 00:11:58.720 align:start position:0% anything to do with the tumor or not but 00:11:58.720 --> 00:12:00.829 align:start position:0% anything to do with the tumor or not but it<00:11:58.839> does<00:11:59.320> happen<00:11:59.839> so<00:12:00.160> this<00:12:00.240> is<00:12:00.440> what<00:12:00.560> we<00:12:00.680> need 00:12:00.829 --> 00:12:00.839 align:start position:0% it does happen so this is what we need 00:12:00.839 --> 00:12:04.750 align:start position:0% it does happen so this is what we need to<00:12:01.800> the<00:12:02.000> public<00:12:02.839> needs<00:12:03.639> um<00:12:04.160> a<00:12:04.360> careful 00:12:04.750 --> 00:12:04.760 align:start position:0% to the public needs um a careful 00:12:04.760 --> 00:12:06.590 align:start position:0% to the public needs um a careful accounting<00:12:05.200> of<00:12:05.399> this<00:12:05.600> so<00:12:05.800> that<00:12:05.959> their 00:12:06.590 --> 00:12:06.600 align:start position:0% accounting of this so that their 00:12:06.600 --> 00:12:09.430 align:start position:0% accounting of this so that their confidence<00:12:07.600> uh<00:12:07.760> can<00:12:07.959> be<00:12:08.399> or<00:12:08.639> lack<00:12:08.880> thereof<00:12:09.320> can 00:12:09.430 --> 00:12:09.440 align:start position:0% confidence uh can be or lack thereof can 00:12:09.440 --> 00:12:11.509 align:start position:0% confidence uh can be or lack thereof can be<00:12:09.639> appropriate<00:12:10.240> and<00:12:10.399> Based<00:12:10.639> on<00:12:10.880> data<00:12:11.279> not 00:12:11.509 --> 00:12:11.519 align:start position:0% be appropriate and Based on data not 00:12:11.519 --> 00:12:14.310 align:start position:0% be appropriate and Based on data not based<00:12:11.760> on<00:12:12.320> marketing<00:12:12.800> or<00:12:13.000> anything<00:12:13.360> like 00:12:14.310 --> 00:12:14.320 align:start position:0% based on marketing or anything like 00:12:14.320 --> 00:12:17.430 align:start position:0% based on marketing or anything like that<00:12:15.320> so<00:12:15.560> a<00:12:15.720> final<00:12:16.560> couple<00:12:16.800> of<00:12:16.920> words<00:12:17.199> about 00:12:17.430 --> 00:12:17.440 align:start position:0% that so a final couple of words about 00:12:17.440 --> 00:12:19.150 align:start position:0% that so a final couple of words about another<00:12:17.720> kind<00:12:17.839> of<00:12:18.000> genome<00:12:18.399> modification<00:12:19.000> it's 00:12:19.150 --> 00:12:19.160 align:start position:0% another kind of genome modification it's 00:12:19.160 --> 00:12:22.990 align:start position:0% another kind of genome modification it's called<00:12:19.360> DNA<00:12:20.120> methylation<00:12:21.120> so<00:12:21.560> your<00:12:22.000> genome 00:12:22.990 --> 00:12:23.000 align:start position:0% called DNA methylation so your genome 00:12:23.000 --> 00:12:25.710 align:start position:0% called DNA methylation so your genome has<00:12:23.399> methylation<00:12:24.360> methyl<00:12:24.839> groups<00:12:25.279> added<00:12:25.560> to 00:12:25.710 --> 00:12:25.720 align:start position:0% has methylation methyl groups added to 00:12:25.720 --> 00:12:28.030 align:start position:0% has methylation methyl groups added to cytosine<00:12:26.240> residues<00:12:26.680> at<00:12:26.839> cpg<00:12:27.320> Losi<00:12:27.720> in<00:12:27.880> your 00:12:28.030 --> 00:12:28.040 align:start position:0% cytosine residues at cpg Losi in your 00:12:28.040 --> 00:12:30.790 align:start position:0% cytosine residues at cpg Losi in your genome<00:12:29.000> and<00:12:29.240> and<00:12:29.519> and<00:12:29.760> these<00:12:30.040> modifications 00:12:30.790 --> 00:12:30.800 align:start position:0% genome and and and these modifications 00:12:30.800 --> 00:12:33.269 align:start position:0% genome and and and these modifications are<00:12:31.120> part<00:12:31.360> of<00:12:31.600> a<00:12:32.079> developmental<00:12:32.800> program 00:12:33.269 --> 00:12:33.279 align:start position:0% are part of a developmental program 00:12:33.279 --> 00:12:34.829 align:start position:0% are part of a developmental program that's<00:12:33.480> been<00:12:33.680> going<00:12:33.959> on<00:12:34.279> since<00:12:34.480> you<00:12:34.600> were 00:12:34.829 --> 00:12:34.839 align:start position:0% that's been going on since you were 00:12:34.839 --> 00:12:37.389 align:start position:0% that's been going on since you were first<00:12:35.120> conceived<00:12:35.959> and<00:12:36.199> continues<00:12:36.760> until<00:12:37.160> you 00:12:37.389 --> 00:12:37.399 align:start position:0% first conceived and continues until you 00:12:37.399 --> 00:12:39.829 align:start position:0% first conceived and continues until you die<00:12:38.120> where<00:12:38.399> you<00:12:38.680> slowly<00:12:39.240> change<00:12:39.720> the 00:12:39.829 --> 00:12:39.839 align:start position:0% die where you slowly change the 00:12:39.839 --> 00:12:43.990 align:start position:0% die where you slowly change the methylation<00:12:40.600> landscape<00:12:41.440> of<00:12:42.240> stem<00:12:42.560> cell<00:12:43.000> genes 00:12:43.990 --> 00:12:44.000 align:start position:0% methylation landscape of stem cell genes 00:12:44.000 --> 00:12:46.030 align:start position:0% methylation landscape of stem cell genes and<00:12:44.360> eventually<00:12:44.800> those<00:12:45.000> stem<00:12:45.320> cell<00:12:45.560> genes 00:12:46.030 --> 00:12:46.040 align:start position:0% and eventually those stem cell genes 00:12:46.040 --> 00:12:49.189 align:start position:0% and eventually those stem cell genes begin<00:12:46.360> to<00:12:46.519> be<00:12:46.880> silenced<00:12:47.880> and<00:12:48.199> you<00:12:48.399> lose<00:12:48.880> stem 00:12:49.189 --> 00:12:49.199 align:start position:0% begin to be silenced and you lose stem 00:12:49.199 --> 00:12:52.230 align:start position:0% begin to be silenced and you lose stem cells<00:12:49.839> as<00:12:50.000> you<00:12:50.199> grow<00:12:50.519> older<00:12:51.120> it's<00:12:51.320> if<00:12:51.560> aging<00:12:52.040> is 00:12:52.230 --> 00:12:52.240 align:start position:0% cells as you grow older it's if aging is 00:12:52.240 --> 00:12:53.990 align:start position:0% cells as you grow older it's if aging is just<00:12:52.360> a<00:12:52.680> natural<00:12:53.240> extension<00:12:53.760> of<00:12:53.880> the 00:12:53.990 --> 00:12:54.000 align:start position:0% just a natural extension of the 00:12:54.000 --> 00:12:56.110 align:start position:0% just a natural extension of the developmental<00:12:54.720> process<00:12:55.040> that<00:12:55.199> goes<00:12:55.399> on<00:12:55.560> in 00:12:56.110 --> 00:12:56.120 align:start position:0% developmental process that goes on in 00:12:56.120 --> 00:12:58.550 align:start position:0% developmental process that goes on in utero<00:12:57.120> and<00:12:57.440> you<00:12:57.639> eventually<00:12:58.000> just<00:12:58.120> run<00:12:58.320> out<00:12:58.440> of 00:12:58.550 --> 00:12:58.560 align:start position:0% utero and you eventually just run out of 00:12:58.560 --> 00:13:01.389 align:start position:0% utero and you eventually just run out of stem<00:12:58.760> cells<00:12:59.320> and<00:12:59.440> you<00:12:59.639> die<00:13:00.480> we<00:13:00.639> can<00:13:00.839> tell<00:13:01.199> how 00:13:01.389 --> 00:13:01.399 align:start position:0% stem cells and you die we can tell how 00:13:01.399 --> 00:13:03.509 align:start position:0% stem cells and you die we can tell how old<00:13:01.680> you<00:13:01.839> are<00:13:02.199> by<00:13:02.360> looking<00:13:02.680> at<00:13:02.920> the<00:13:03.120> methyl 00:13:03.509 --> 00:13:03.519 align:start position:0% old you are by looking at the methyl 00:13:03.519 --> 00:13:06.269 align:start position:0% old you are by looking at the methyl groups<00:13:03.920> on<00:13:04.199> lots<00:13:04.440> of<00:13:04.560> Loi<00:13:05.240> in<00:13:05.399> your 00:13:06.269 --> 00:13:06.279 align:start position:0% groups on lots of Loi in your 00:13:06.279 --> 00:13:09.110 align:start position:0% groups on lots of Loi in your genome<00:13:07.279> we've<00:13:07.600> known<00:13:08.160> for<00:13:08.399> a<00:13:08.519> little<00:13:08.800> while 00:13:09.110 --> 00:13:09.120 align:start position:0% genome we've known for a little while 00:13:09.120 --> 00:13:14.230 align:start position:0% genome we've known for a little while now<00:13:09.800> that<00:13:10.600> when<00:13:11.000> your<00:13:11.639> DNA<00:13:12.639> methylation<00:13:13.519> age 00:13:14.230 --> 00:13:14.240 align:start position:0% now that when your DNA methylation age 00:13:14.240 --> 00:13:16.949 align:start position:0% now that when your DNA methylation age is<00:13:14.519> disconnected<00:13:15.279> from<00:13:15.519> your<00:13:15.800> physical<00:13:16.320> age 00:13:16.949 --> 00:13:16.959 align:start position:0% is disconnected from your physical age 00:13:16.959 --> 00:13:19.750 align:start position:0% is disconnected from your physical age especially<00:13:17.399> if<00:13:17.519> your<00:13:17.839> DNA<00:13:18.360> age<00:13:18.600> is<00:13:18.880> too<00:13:19.160> old 00:13:19.750 --> 00:13:19.760 align:start position:0% especially if your DNA age is too old 00:13:19.760 --> 00:13:21.750 align:start position:0% especially if your DNA age is too old you're<00:13:20.000> at<00:13:20.360> high<00:13:20.680> risk<00:13:20.959> for<00:13:21.160> all<00:13:21.440> cause 00:13:21.750 --> 00:13:21.760 align:start position:0% you're at high risk for all cause 00:13:21.760 --> 00:13:24.910 align:start position:0% you're at high risk for all cause mortality<00:13:22.720> this<00:13:22.839> is<00:13:23.000> really<00:13:23.320> a<00:13:23.720> thing<00:13:24.720> um<00:13:24.839> and 00:13:24.910 --> 00:13:24.920 align:start position:0% mortality this is really a thing um and 00:13:24.920 --> 00:13:26.949 align:start position:0% mortality this is really a thing um and there's<00:13:25.079> a<00:13:25.199> lot<00:13:25.360> of<00:13:25.519> interest<00:13:26.040> in<00:13:26.399> in<00:13:26.600> finding 00:13:26.949 --> 00:13:26.959 align:start position:0% there's a lot of interest in in finding 00:13:26.959 --> 00:13:29.230 align:start position:0% there's a lot of interest in in finding out<00:13:27.279> what<00:13:27.480> kind<00:13:27.680> of<00:13:27.920> things<00:13:28.279> or<00:13:28.480> interventions 00:13:29.230 --> 00:13:29.240 align:start position:0% out what kind of things or interventions 00:13:29.240 --> 00:13:32.790 align:start position:0% out what kind of things or interventions can<00:13:29.360> I<00:13:29.560> do<00:13:30.480> that<00:13:30.680> will<00:13:31.600> make<00:13:31.760> me<00:13:31.959> younger<00:13:32.639> right 00:13:32.790 --> 00:13:32.800 align:start position:0% can I do that will make me younger right 00:13:32.800 --> 00:13:35.590 align:start position:0% can I do that will make me younger right that<00:13:32.920> will<00:13:33.120> delay<00:13:33.800> aging<00:13:34.760> and<00:13:34.920> we<00:13:35.079> can<00:13:35.399> have 00:13:35.590 --> 00:13:35.600 align:start position:0% that will delay aging and we can have 00:13:35.600 --> 00:13:37.829 align:start position:0% that will delay aging and we can have surrogate<00:13:36.120> markers<00:13:36.480> for<00:13:36.720> this<00:13:36.959> with<00:13:37.199> this<00:13:37.399> DNA 00:13:37.829 --> 00:13:37.839 align:start position:0% surrogate markers for this with this DNA 00:13:37.839 --> 00:13:40.189 align:start position:0% surrogate markers for this with this DNA methylation<00:13:38.440> aging<00:13:39.120> the<00:13:39.279> same<00:13:39.480> sequencing 00:13:40.189 --> 00:13:40.199 align:start position:0% methylation aging the same sequencing 00:13:40.199 --> 00:13:41.430 align:start position:0% methylation aging the same sequencing platform<00:13:40.600> that<00:13:40.680> I<00:13:40.760> was<00:13:40.880> telling<00:13:41.079> you<00:13:41.199> about 00:13:41.430 --> 00:13:41.440 align:start position:0% platform that I was telling you about 00:13:41.440 --> 00:13:44.870 align:start position:0% platform that I was telling you about earlier<00:13:42.160> will<00:13:42.440> measure<00:13:43.560> methylation<00:13:44.560> on<00:13:44.760> the 00:13:44.870 --> 00:13:44.880 align:start position:0% earlier will measure methylation on the 00:13:44.880 --> 00:13:47.269 align:start position:0% earlier will measure methylation on the fly<00:13:45.440> at<00:13:45.560> the<00:13:45.680> same<00:13:45.920> time<00:13:46.199> we're<00:13:46.399> figuring<00:13:46.800> out 00:13:47.269 --> 00:13:47.279 align:start position:0% fly at the same time we're figuring out 00:13:47.279 --> 00:13:49.629 align:start position:0% fly at the same time we're figuring out sequence<00:13:47.959> alterations<00:13:48.959> so<00:13:49.320> you<00:13:49.440> know 00:13:49.629 --> 00:13:49.639 align:start position:0% sequence alterations so you know 00:13:49.639 --> 00:13:52.150 align:start position:0% sequence alterations so you know sequence<00:13:50.040> analysis<00:13:50.480> of<00:13:50.639> normal<00:13:50.959> blood<00:13:51.240> cells 00:13:52.150 --> 00:13:52.160 align:start position:0% sequence analysis of normal blood cells 00:13:52.160 --> 00:13:56.310 align:start position:0% sequence analysis of normal blood cells uh<00:13:52.240> can<00:13:52.720> agnostically<00:13:53.720> monitor<00:13:54.880> for<00:13:55.880> sequence 00:13:56.310 --> 00:13:56.320 align:start position:0% uh can agnostically monitor for sequence 00:13:56.320 --> 00:13:58.350 align:start position:0% uh can agnostically monitor for sequence changes<00:13:56.720> and<00:13:56.880> methylation<00:13:57.440> changes<00:13:58.199> and 00:13:58.350 --> 00:13:58.360 align:start position:0% changes and methylation changes and 00:13:58.360 --> 00:13:59.550 align:start position:0% changes and methylation changes and figure<00:13:58.600> out<00:13:58.839> if<00:13:59.120> some<00:13:59.240> sort<00:13:59.360> of<00:13:59.440> an 00:13:59.550 --> 00:13:59.560 align:start position:0% figure out if some sort of an 00:13:59.560 --> 00:14:01.829 align:start position:0% figure out if some sort of an intervention<00:14:00.160> has<00:14:00.320> altered<00:14:00.680> the<00:14:00.800> methylation 00:14:01.829 --> 00:14:01.839 align:start position:0% intervention has altered the methylation 00:14:01.839 --> 00:14:05.189 align:start position:0% intervention has altered the methylation age<00:14:02.839> all<00:14:02.920> right<00:14:03.040> so<00:14:03.199> I<00:14:03.320> did<00:14:03.519> this<00:14:04.480> on<00:14:04.680> a<00:14:04.839> sample 00:14:05.189 --> 00:14:05.199 align:start position:0% age all right so I did this on a sample 00:14:05.199 --> 00:14:07.629 align:start position:0% age all right so I did this on a sample that<00:14:05.279> was<00:14:05.440> just<00:14:05.600> available<00:14:06.000> to<00:14:06.120> me<00:14:06.399> this<00:14:06.480> is<00:14:06.680> me 00:14:07.629 --> 00:14:07.639 align:start position:0% that was just available to me this is me 00:14:07.639 --> 00:14:10.670 align:start position:0% that was just available to me this is me um<00:14:08.040> pre<00:14:08.279> and<00:14:08.600> postvaccination<00:14:09.600> and<00:14:09.800> there<00:14:09.920> are 00:14:10.670 --> 00:14:10.680 align:start position:0% um pre and postvaccination and there are 00:14:10.680 --> 00:14:13.350 align:start position:0% um pre and postvaccination and there are spots<00:14:11.000> in<00:14:11.160> the<00:14:11.279> genome<00:14:12.199> that<00:14:12.600> the<00:14:12.759> methylation 00:14:13.350 --> 00:14:13.360 align:start position:0% spots in the genome that the methylation 00:14:13.360 --> 00:14:15.949 align:start position:0% spots in the genome that the methylation age<00:14:13.680> changed<00:14:14.560> this<00:14:14.680> is<00:14:14.759> a<00:14:14.920> real<00:14:15.240> thing<00:14:15.680> this<00:14:15.800> is 00:14:15.949 --> 00:14:15.959 align:start position:0% age changed this is a real thing this is 00:14:15.959 --> 00:14:17.269 align:start position:0% age changed this is a real thing this is one<00:14:16.160> sample<00:14:16.480> so<00:14:16.639> it's<00:14:16.759> scientifically 00:14:17.269 --> 00:14:17.279 align:start position:0% one sample so it's scientifically 00:14:17.279 --> 00:14:19.430 align:start position:0% one sample so it's scientifically meaningless<00:14:17.839> right<00:14:18.040> now<00:14:18.440> but<00:14:18.600> it's<00:14:18.720> to<00:14:19.000> prove 00:14:19.430 --> 00:14:19.440 align:start position:0% meaningless right now but it's to prove 00:14:19.440 --> 00:14:21.670 align:start position:0% meaningless right now but it's to prove that<00:14:19.759> this<00:14:20.199> is<00:14:20.480> something<00:14:20.880> that<00:14:21.000> is<00:14:21.199> worth 00:14:21.670 --> 00:14:21.680 align:start position:0% that this is something that is worth 00:14:21.680 --> 00:14:24.949 align:start position:0% that this is something that is worth doing<00:14:22.120> in<00:14:22.320> my<00:14:22.519> view<00:14:23.240> to<00:14:23.720> monitor<00:14:24.320> what<00:14:24.560> happens 00:14:24.949 --> 00:14:24.959 align:start position:0% doing in my view to monitor what happens 00:14:24.959 --> 00:14:27.949 align:start position:0% doing in my view to monitor what happens to<00:14:25.199> people<00:14:26.000> pre<00:14:26.240> and<00:14:26.480> postco<00:14:27.320> and<00:14:27.519> pre<00:14:27.720> and 00:14:27.949 --> 00:14:27.959 align:start position:0% to people pre and postco and pre and 00:14:27.959 --> 00:14:30.269 align:start position:0% to people pre and postco and pre and post<00:14:28.199> methylation<00:14:28.800> to<00:14:29.199> see<00:14:29.880> are<00:14:30.079> these 00:14:30.269 --> 00:14:30.279 align:start position:0% post methylation to see are these 00:14:30.279 --> 00:14:32.670 align:start position:0% post methylation to see are these interventions<00:14:31.199> helping<00:14:31.600> our<00:14:31.839> methyl<00:14:32.240> age<00:14:32.560> or 00:14:32.670 --> 00:14:32.680 align:start position:0% interventions helping our methyl age or 00:14:32.680 --> 00:14:34.430 align:start position:0% interventions helping our methyl age or are<00:14:32.800> they<00:14:32.959> harming<00:14:33.279> our<00:14:33.399> methyl 00:14:34.430 --> 00:14:34.440 align:start position:0% are they harming our methyl 00:14:34.440 --> 00:14:36.269 align:start position:0% are they harming our methyl age<00:14:35.440> once<00:14:35.639> you<00:14:35.720> know<00:14:35.880> what<00:14:35.959> you're<00:14:36.079> looking 00:14:36.269 --> 00:14:36.279 align:start position:0% age once you know what you're looking 00:14:36.279 --> 00:14:38.949 align:start position:0% age once you know what you're looking for<00:14:36.480> it's<00:14:36.639> very<00:14:36.800> cheap<00:14:37.000> and<00:14:37.160> easy<00:14:37.399> to<00:14:37.519> do<00:14:37.800> it<00:14:38.800> a 00:14:38.949 --> 00:14:38.959 align:start position:0% for it's very cheap and easy to do it a 00:14:38.959 --> 00:14:41.430 align:start position:0% for it's very cheap and easy to do it a final<00:14:39.240> thoughts<00:14:39.680> pandemics<00:14:40.360> stress<00:14:40.800> test<00:14:41.279> the 00:14:41.430 --> 00:14:41.440 align:start position:0% final thoughts pandemics stress test the 00:14:41.440 --> 00:14:44.030 align:start position:0% final thoughts pandemics stress test the trust<00:14:41.759> that<00:14:41.920> people<00:14:42.120> have<00:14:42.279> in<00:14:42.440> each<00:14:42.639> other<00:14:43.639> low 00:14:44.030 --> 00:14:44.040 align:start position:0% trust that people have in each other low 00:14:44.040 --> 00:14:45.990 align:start position:0% trust that people have in each other low trust<00:14:44.399> societies<00:14:45.079> Fair<00:14:45.279> worse<00:14:45.560> than<00:14:45.759> high 00:14:45.990 --> 00:14:46.000 align:start position:0% trust societies Fair worse than high 00:14:46.000 --> 00:14:48.069 align:start position:0% trust societies Fair worse than high trust<00:14:46.320> societies<00:14:46.920> molecular<00:14:47.360> biology<00:14:47.800> tools 00:14:48.069 --> 00:14:48.079 align:start position:0% trust societies molecular biology tools 00:14:48.079 --> 00:14:50.389 align:start position:0% trust societies molecular biology tools can<00:14:48.240> measure<00:14:48.680> these<00:14:48.920> things<00:14:49.720> but<00:14:49.920> molecular 00:14:50.389 --> 00:14:50.399 align:start position:0% can measure these things but molecular 00:14:50.399 --> 00:14:53.069 align:start position:0% can measure these things but molecular biology<00:14:50.920> tools<00:14:51.399> can<00:14:51.720> best<00:14:52.040> increase<00:14:52.639> public 00:14:53.069 --> 00:14:53.079 align:start position:0% biology tools can best increase public 00:14:53.079 --> 00:14:55.790 align:start position:0% biology tools can best increase public trust<00:14:53.800> and<00:14:54.000> future<00:14:54.480> pandemic<00:14:54.920> preparedness 00:14:55.790 --> 00:14:55.800 align:start position:0% trust and future pandemic preparedness 00:14:55.800 --> 00:14:58.389 align:start position:0% trust and future pandemic preparedness if<00:14:56.040> we<00:14:56.240> make<00:14:56.480> the<00:14:56.680> information<00:14:57.680> available<00:14:58.199> to 00:14:58.389 --> 00:14:58.399 align:start position:0% if we make the information available to 00:14:58.399 --> 00:15:00.990 align:start position:0% if we make the information available to the<00:14:58.560> public<00:14:58.800> so<00:14:59.040> so<00:14:59.120> that<00:14:59.279> anyone<00:14:59.639> can<00:14:59.800> see<00:15:00.040> it 00:15:00.990 --> 00:15:01.000 align:start position:0% the public so so that anyone can see it 00:15:01.000 --> 00:15:03.710 align:start position:0% the public so so that anyone can see it um<00:15:01.639> we<00:15:01.759> should<00:15:01.959> do<00:15:02.160> this<00:15:02.399> now<00:15:03.120> and<00:15:03.240> I'll<00:15:03.399> stop 00:15:03.710 --> 00:15:03.720 align:start position:0% um we should do this now and I'll stop 00:15:03.720 --> 00:15:05.509 align:start position:0% um we should do this now and I'll stop there<00:15:03.880> thank<00:15:04.040> you<00:15:04.120> for<00:15:04.240> your 00:15:05.509 --> 00:15:05.519 align:start position:0% there thank you for your 00:15:05.519 --> 00:15:07.790 align:start position:0% there thank you for your attention<00:15:06.519> thank<00:15:06.720> you<00:15:07.000> so<00:15:07.120> much<00:15:07.279> Philip<00:15:07.600> for 00:15:07.790 --> 00:15:07.800 align:start position:0% attention thank you so much Philip for 00:15:07.800 --> 00:15:10.000 align:start position:0% attention thank you so much Philip for one