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can<00:00:09.280><c> you</c><00:00:09.480><c> guys</c><00:00:09.639><c> hear</c><00:00:09.840><c> me</c><00:00:10.559><c> okay</c><00:00:11.559><c> okay</c><00:00:12.160><c> so</c><00:00:12.920><c> thank</c>

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can you guys hear me okay okay so thank
 

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can you guys hear me okay okay so thank
you<00:00:13.200><c> for</c><00:00:13.519><c> that</c><00:00:13.839><c> introduction</c><00:00:14.480><c> that</c><00:00:14.599><c> was</c><00:00:14.839><c> great</c>

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you for that introduction that was great
 

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you for that introduction that was great
I<00:00:15.639><c> want</c><00:00:15.799><c> to</c><00:00:16.000><c> start</c><00:00:16.320><c> this</c><00:00:16.600><c> presentation</c><00:00:17.439><c> with</c><00:00:17.600><c> a</c>

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I want to start this presentation with a
 

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I want to start this presentation with a
quick<00:00:18.119><c> poll</c><00:00:19.119><c> so</c><00:00:19.400><c> please</c><00:00:20.080><c> raise</c><00:00:20.359><c> your</c><00:00:20.600><c> hand</c><00:00:21.439><c> if</c>

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quick poll so please raise your hand if
 

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quick poll so please raise your hand if
you're<00:00:21.800><c> an</c>

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you're an
 

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you're an
auditor<00:00:24.760><c> okay</c><00:00:25.599><c> nice</c><00:00:26.599><c> now</c><00:00:27.320><c> raise</c><00:00:27.599><c> your</c><00:00:27.760><c> hand</c><00:00:27.960><c> if</c>

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auditor okay nice now raise your hand if
 

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auditor okay nice now raise your hand if
you<00:00:28.240><c> ever</c><00:00:28.519><c> audit</c><00:00:29.279><c> an</c><00:00:29.560><c> smart</c><00:00:29.759><c> cont</c><00:00:30.039><c> track</c>

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you ever audit an smart cont track
 

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you ever audit an smart cont track
language<00:00:31.199><c> like</c><00:00:31.439><c> solidity</c><00:00:32.200><c> stylus</c><00:00:33.120><c> Viper</c><00:00:33.920><c> or</c>

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language like solidity stylus Viper or
 

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language like solidity stylus Viper or
any<00:00:34.600><c> other</c><00:00:35.600><c> oh</c><00:00:35.960><c> nice</c><00:00:36.280><c> I</c><00:00:36.399><c> see</c><00:00:36.600><c> a</c><00:00:36.680><c> few</c><00:00:37.200><c> hands</c><00:00:38.200><c> but</c>

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any other oh nice I see a few hands but
 

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any other oh nice I see a few hands but
probably<00:00:39.320><c> not</c><00:00:39.520><c> as</c><00:00:39.680><c> many</c><00:00:39.879><c> as</c><00:00:40.039><c> the</c><00:00:40.200><c> one</c><00:00:40.440><c> who</c><00:00:41.079><c> like</c>

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probably not as many as the one who like
 

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probably not as many as the one who like
raised<00:00:41.559><c> the</c><00:00:41.719><c> hand</c><00:00:42.399><c> first</c><00:00:43.399><c> and</c><00:00:43.640><c> the</c><00:00:43.800><c> reason</c><00:00:44.120><c> is</c>

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raised the hand first and the reason is
 

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raised the hand first and the reason is
because<00:00:44.559><c> it's</c><00:00:44.719><c> not</c><00:00:44.879><c> as</c><00:00:45.039><c> common</c><00:00:45.360><c> as</c><00:00:45.600><c> auditing</c>

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because it's not as common as auditing
 

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because it's not as common as auditing
the<00:00:46.120><c> smart</c><00:00:46.399><c> contracts</c><00:00:46.879><c> for</c><00:00:47.039><c> sure</c><00:00:47.559><c> and</c><00:00:47.680><c> to</c><00:00:47.840><c> be</c>

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the smart contracts for sure and to be
 

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the smart contracts for sure and to be
honest<00:00:48.280><c> I</c><00:00:48.399><c> haven't</c><00:00:48.719><c> found</c><00:00:49.680><c> like</c><00:00:50.120><c> good</c>

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honest I haven't found like good
 

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honest I haven't found like good
resources<00:00:50.960><c> to</c><00:00:51.120><c> know</c><00:00:51.280><c> how</c><00:00:51.440><c> to</c><00:00:51.600><c> do</c><00:00:51.800><c> it</c>

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resources to know how to do it
 

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resources to know how to do it
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fortunately I had the portunity to audit
 

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fortunately I had the portunity to audit
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these type of code
 

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these type of code
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bases sometimes like a few and I learned
 

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bases sometimes like a few and I learned
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many things and that's basically the
 

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many things and that's basically the
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main motivation for today's talk to
 

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main motivation for today's talk to
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share with you some of the things that I
 

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share with you some of the things that I
learned<00:01:07.880><c> okay</c>

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learned okay
 

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learned okay
so<00:01:10.600><c> one</c><00:01:10.920><c> second</c><00:01:11.520><c> we</c><00:01:11.640><c> already</c><00:01:11.960><c> did</c><00:01:12.119><c> it</c><00:01:12.320><c> PA</c>

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so one second we already did it PA
 

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so one second we already did it PA
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fantastic now let's start by asking
 

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fantastic now let's start by asking
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ourselves why do we need to audit the
 

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ourselves why do we need to audit the
languages<00:01:20.159><c> because</c><00:01:20.400><c> of</c>

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languages because of
 

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languages because of
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this basically here you can see a bunch
 

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this basically here you can see a bunch
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of headlines and one meme that highlight
 

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of headlines and one meme that highlight
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some of the like incident that happen
 

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some of the like incident that happen
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because of issues at the language level
 

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because of issues at the language level
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right I'm pretty sure you guys remember
 

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right I'm pretty sure you guys remember
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from last year what happened with Viper
 

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from last year what happened with Viper
the<00:01:39.320><c> re-entrancy</c><00:01:39.960><c> guard</c><00:01:40.960><c> that</c><00:01:41.759><c> basically</c>

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the re-entrancy guard that basically
 

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the re-entrancy guard that basically
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like in this case attackers were able to
 

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like in this case attackers were able to
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bypass the guard even though the guards
 

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bypass the guard even though the guards
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were like properly implemented within
 

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were like properly implemented within
the<00:01:50.920><c> contracts</c><00:01:51.640><c> like</c><00:01:51.880><c> the</c><00:01:52.040><c> issue</c><00:01:52.399><c> was</c><00:01:52.880><c> at</c><00:01:53.000><c> the</c>

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the contracts like the issue was at the
 

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the contracts like the issue was at the
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compiler level right and that causes
 

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compiler level right and that causes
many<00:01:57.360><c> uh</c><00:01:57.759><c> losses</c><00:01:58.159><c> in</c><00:01:58.360><c> Cur</c><00:01:58.680><c> Finance</c><00:01:59.520><c> what</c><00:01:59.640><c> I</c>

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many uh losses in Cur Finance what I
 

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many uh losses in Cur Finance what I
want<00:02:00.079><c> to</c><00:02:00.200><c> convey</c><00:02:00.759><c> here</c><00:02:01.240><c> with</c><00:02:01.719><c> this</c><00:02:02.719><c> is</c><00:02:03.000><c> that</c>

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want to convey here with this is that
 

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want to convey here with this is that
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basically those are not ER issues that
 

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basically those are not ER issues that
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are rare those are actually more common
 

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are rare those are actually more common
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than you might think okay so now I want
 

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than you might think okay so now I want
to<00:02:15.519><c> get</c><00:02:15.720><c> into</c><00:02:16.120><c> the</c><00:02:16.360><c> differences</c><00:02:17.040><c> between</c>

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to get into the differences between
 

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to get into the differences between
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auditing a smart contract and auditing
 

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auditing a smart contract and auditing
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the languages behind them right so I
 

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the languages behind them right so I
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have four key difference that I want to
 

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have four key difference that I want to
share<00:02:25.640><c> with</c><00:02:25.760><c> you</c><00:02:26.000><c> guys</c><00:02:26.440><c> the</c><00:02:26.599><c> first</c><00:02:26.840><c> one</c><00:02:27.599><c> the</c>

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share with you guys the first one the
 

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share with you guys the first one the
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focus areas when we're doing on AIT of
 

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focus areas when we're doing on AIT of
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an smart contract we tend to look for
 

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an smart contract we tend to look for
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logic like business logic flaws right is
 

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logic like business logic flaws right is
normally<00:02:37.680><c> what</c><00:02:38.000><c> we</c><00:02:38.160><c> look</c><00:02:38.360><c> for</c><00:02:38.840><c> when</c><00:02:39.360><c> when</c><00:02:39.519><c> we</c>

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normally what we look for when when we
 

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normally what we look for when when we
are<00:02:39.840><c> doing</c><00:02:40.080><c> the</c><00:02:40.239><c> manual</c><00:02:40.599><c> audit</c><00:02:41.599><c> but</c><00:02:42.319><c> when</c>

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are doing the manual audit but when
 

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are doing the manual audit but when
we're<00:02:43.000><c> doing</c><00:02:43.560><c> the</c><00:02:44.560><c> a</c><00:02:45.080><c> review</c><00:02:45.760><c> of</c><00:02:46.159><c> the</c><00:02:46.319><c> language</c>

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we're doing the a review of the language
 

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we're doing the a review of the language
we<00:02:47.159><c> tend</c><00:02:47.360><c> to</c><00:02:47.519><c> see</c><00:02:47.920><c> for</c><00:02:48.280><c> things</c><00:02:48.599><c> like</c><00:02:49.159><c> undefined</c>

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we tend to see for things like undefined
 

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we tend to see for things like undefined
behaviors<00:02:50.680><c> features</c><00:02:51.239><c> that</c><00:02:51.599><c> could</c><00:02:51.760><c> be</c><00:02:51.959><c> misused</c>

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behaviors features that could be misused
 

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behaviors features that could be misused
and<00:02:53.120><c> overall</c><00:02:53.560><c> we</c><00:02:53.720><c> try</c><00:02:54.040><c> to</c><00:02:54.599><c> validate</c><00:02:55.599><c> that</c><00:02:55.800><c> the</c>

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and overall we try to validate that the
 

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and overall we try to validate that the
design<00:02:56.400><c> choices</c><00:02:56.840><c> of</c><00:02:57.000><c> the</c><00:02:57.159><c> language</c><00:02:58.000><c> are</c>

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design choices of the language are
 

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design choices of the language are
correct

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correct
 

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correct
okay<00:03:01.040><c> second</c><00:03:01.959><c> the</c><00:03:02.120><c> complexity</c><00:03:02.680><c> of</c><00:03:02.800><c> a</c><00:03:02.959><c> scope</c><00:03:03.560><c> of</c>

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okay second the complexity of a scope of
 

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okay second the complexity of a scope of
course<00:03:04.040><c> when</c><00:03:04.200><c> you're</c><00:03:04.440><c> doing</c><00:03:04.720><c> an</c><00:03:04.920><c> audit</c><00:03:05.720><c> of</c><00:03:05.879><c> a</c>

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course when you're doing an audit of a
 

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course when you're doing an audit of a
language<00:03:06.840><c> you</c><00:03:06.959><c> need</c><00:03:07.159><c> to</c><00:03:07.280><c> be</c><00:03:07.440><c> aware</c><00:03:07.799><c> of</c><00:03:07.959><c> the</c>

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language you need to be aware of the
 

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language you need to be aware of the
whole

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whole
 

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whole
ecosystem<00:03:10.120><c> a</c><00:03:10.720><c> compiler</c><00:03:11.720><c> libraries</c><00:03:12.519><c> tooling</c>

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ecosystem a compiler libraries tooling
 

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ecosystem a compiler libraries tooling
whereas<00:03:14.159><c> in</c><00:03:14.400><c> smart</c><00:03:14.680><c> contracts</c><00:03:15.159><c> is</c><00:03:15.400><c> mostly</c>

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whereas in smart contracts is mostly
 

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whereas in smart contracts is mostly
like<00:03:16.360><c> the</c><00:03:16.519><c> contracts</c><00:03:17.080><c> and</c><00:03:17.239><c> the</c>

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like the contracts and the
 

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like the contracts and the
dependencies<00:03:19.799><c> okay</c><00:03:20.239><c> third</c><00:03:20.720><c> the</c><00:03:20.920><c> severity</c><00:03:21.519><c> and</c>

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dependencies okay third the severity and
 

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dependencies okay third the severity and
risk<00:03:22.519><c> mitigation</c>

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risk mitigation
 

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risk mitigation
propagation<00:03:25.239><c> so</c><00:03:26.200><c> if</c><00:03:26.400><c> you</c><00:03:26.799><c> ever</c><00:03:27.080><c> find</c><00:03:27.360><c> an</c><00:03:27.560><c> issue</c>

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propagation so if you ever find an issue
 

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propagation so if you ever find an issue
at<00:03:28.239><c> the</c><00:03:28.400><c> language</c><00:03:28.879><c> level</c><00:03:29.319><c> is</c><00:03:29.519><c> probably</c>

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at the language level is probably
 

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at the language level is probably
probably<00:03:30.040><c> going</c><00:03:30.200><c> to</c><00:03:30.400><c> impact</c><00:03:31.400><c> the</c><00:03:31.599><c> whole</c>

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probably going to impact the whole
 

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probably going to impact the whole
ecosystem<00:03:32.959><c> so</c><00:03:33.439><c> it's</c><00:03:34.200><c> quite</c><00:03:35.040><c> important</c><00:03:35.599><c> for</c>

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ecosystem so it's quite important for
 

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ecosystem so it's quite important for
you<00:03:35.959><c> to</c><00:03:36.760><c> like</c><00:03:37.080><c> mitigate</c><00:03:37.599><c> it</c><00:03:38.000><c> and</c><00:03:38.360><c> it's</c><00:03:38.560><c> an</c>

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you to like mitigate it and it's an
 

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you to like mitigate it and it's an
actual<00:03:40.159><c> like</c><00:03:40.439><c> a</c><00:03:40.640><c> task</c><00:03:40.920><c> that</c><00:03:41.040><c> is</c><00:03:41.200><c> way</c><00:03:41.720><c> difficult</c>

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actual like a task that is way difficult
 

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actual like a task that is way difficult
right<00:03:42.720><c> because</c><00:03:42.920><c> you</c><00:03:43.000><c> need</c><00:03:43.159><c> to</c><00:03:43.319><c> reach</c><00:03:43.560><c> out</c><00:03:43.799><c> to</c>

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right because you need to reach out to
 

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right because you need to reach out to
many<00:03:44.560><c> stakeholders</c><00:03:45.560><c> which</c><00:03:46.159><c> is</c><00:03:46.640><c> complicated</c>

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many stakeholders which is complicated
 

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many stakeholders which is complicated
whereas<00:03:48.200><c> when</c><00:03:48.680><c> you</c><00:03:48.840><c> find</c><00:03:49.159><c> issues</c><00:03:49.599><c> in</c><00:03:49.760><c> a</c>

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whereas when you find issues in a
 

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whereas when you find issues in a
contract<00:03:50.439><c> it's</c><00:03:50.720><c> mostly</c><00:03:51.439><c> isolated</c><00:03:52.239><c> within</c><00:03:52.519><c> the</c>

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contract it's mostly isolated within the
 

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contract it's mostly isolated within the
contract

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contract
 

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contract
right<00:03:54.920><c> okay</c><00:03:55.159><c> maintenance</c>

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right okay maintenance
 

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right okay maintenance
aspect<00:03:57.599><c> um</c><00:03:58.439><c> normally</c><00:03:59.200><c> construct</c><00:04:00.000><c> are</c>

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aspect um normally construct are
 

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aspect um normally construct are
immutable<00:04:02.239><c> normally</c><00:04:02.720><c> of</c><00:04:02.879><c> course</c><00:04:03.200><c> if</c><00:04:03.439><c> they're</c>

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immutable normally of course if they're
 

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immutable normally of course if they're
upgradeable<00:04:04.799><c> that's</c><00:04:05.000><c> another</c><00:04:05.439><c> case</c><00:04:05.920><c> but</c><00:04:06.079><c> the</c>

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upgradeable that's another case but the
 

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upgradeable that's another case but the
majority<00:04:06.720><c> are</c>

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majority are
 

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majority are
immutable<00:04:08.640><c> and</c><00:04:08.840><c> on</c><00:04:08.959><c> the</c><00:04:09.120><c> other</c><00:04:09.360><c> hand</c><00:04:09.560><c> we</c><00:04:09.720><c> have</c>

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immutable and on the other hand we have
 

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immutable and on the other hand we have
languages<00:04:10.840><c> that</c><00:04:11.319><c> they</c><00:04:11.680><c> basically</c><00:04:12.200><c> evolve</c>

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languages that they basically evolve
 

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languages that they basically evolve
constantly<00:04:13.599><c> so</c><00:04:13.760><c> you</c><00:04:13.879><c> need</c><00:04:14.040><c> to</c><00:04:14.200><c> be</c><00:04:14.400><c> aware</c><00:04:14.760><c> about</c>

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constantly so you need to be aware about
 

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constantly so you need to be aware about
the<00:04:15.200><c> fact</c><00:04:15.480><c> that</c><00:04:16.280><c> you</c><00:04:16.919><c> need</c><00:04:17.120><c> to</c><00:04:17.359><c> keep</c><00:04:17.600><c> track</c><00:04:18.079><c> of</c>

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the fact that you need to keep track of
 

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the fact that you need to keep track of
both<00:04:18.720><c> the</c><00:04:18.919><c> past</c><00:04:19.239><c> and</c><00:04:19.400><c> the</c><00:04:19.519><c> future</c><00:04:19.880><c> of</c><00:04:20.000><c> the</c>

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both the past and the future of the
 

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both the past and the future of the
language<00:04:20.639><c> so</c><00:04:20.840><c> the</c><00:04:20.959><c> mindset</c><00:04:21.519><c> of</c><00:04:21.639><c> course</c><00:04:21.919><c> is</c><00:04:22.360><c> way</c>

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language so the mindset of course is way
 

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language so the mindset of course is way
different<00:04:23.919><c> so</c><00:04:24.680><c> what</c><00:04:24.800><c> are</c><00:04:24.960><c> the</c><00:04:25.160><c> things</c><00:04:25.400><c> that</c><00:04:25.600><c> we</c>

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different so what are the things that we
 

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different so what are the things that we
can<00:04:26.240><c> look</c><00:04:26.440><c> for</c><00:04:26.960><c> when</c><00:04:27.160><c> we're</c><00:04:27.360><c> doing</c><00:04:27.919><c> these</c><00:04:28.160><c> type</c>

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can look for when we're doing these type
 

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can look for when we're doing these type
of<00:04:28.479><c> audits</c>

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of audits
 

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of audits
one<00:04:30.320><c> example</c><00:04:30.720><c> is</c><00:04:31.000><c> function</c><00:04:31.440><c> identifier</c>

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one example is function identifier
 

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one example is function identifier
management<00:04:33.680><c> what</c><00:04:33.800><c> I</c><00:04:33.880><c> mean</c><00:04:34.240><c> by</c><00:04:34.479><c> this</c><00:04:34.720><c> is</c><00:04:34.919><c> that</c>

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management what I mean by this is that
 

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management what I mean by this is that
if<00:04:35.320><c> you're</c><00:04:35.800><c> like</c><00:04:36.000><c> checking</c><00:04:36.720><c> the</c><00:04:36.919><c> dispatcher</c>

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if you're like checking the dispatcher
 

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if you're like checking the dispatcher
of<00:04:37.600><c> the</c><00:04:37.800><c> language</c><00:04:38.560><c> you</c><00:04:38.720><c> need</c><00:04:38.880><c> to</c><00:04:39.120><c> make</c><00:04:39.320><c> sure</c>

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of the language you need to make sure
 

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of the language you need to make sure
that<00:04:40.919><c> if</c><00:04:41.160><c> for</c><00:04:41.360><c> some</c><00:04:41.639><c> reason</c><00:04:42.120><c> within</c><00:04:42.400><c> your</c>

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that if for some reason within your
 

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that if for some reason within your
contract<00:04:43.039><c> you</c><00:04:43.160><c> have</c><00:04:43.440><c> two</c><00:04:43.680><c> functions</c><00:04:44.520><c> that</c>

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contract you have two functions that
 

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contract you have two functions that
share<00:04:45.160><c> the</c><00:04:45.360><c> same</c><00:04:45.800><c> selector</c><00:04:46.440><c> or</c><00:04:46.840><c> identifier</c>

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share the same selector or identifier
 

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share the same selector or identifier
the<00:04:48.039><c> compiler</c><00:04:48.680><c> must</c><00:04:49.039><c> throw</c><00:04:49.440><c> one</c><00:04:49.680><c> error</c><00:04:50.280><c> if</c><00:04:50.680><c> if</c>

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the compiler must throw one error if if
 

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the compiler must throw one error if if
that's<00:04:51.160><c> not</c><00:04:51.400><c> the</c><00:04:51.600><c> case</c><00:04:51.919><c> you're</c><00:04:52.199><c> basically</c>

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that's not the case you're basically
 

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that's not the case you're basically
will<00:04:53.199><c> end</c><00:04:53.440><c> up</c><00:04:53.840><c> with</c><00:04:54.039><c> a</c><00:04:54.199><c> function</c><00:04:54.680><c> that</c><00:04:54.960><c> is</c>

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will end up with a function that is
 

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will end up with a function that is
going<00:04:55.240><c> to</c><00:04:55.320><c> be</c><00:04:55.479><c> unreachable</c><00:04:56.360><c> right</c><00:04:57.600><c> also</c><00:04:58.600><c> try</c>

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going to be unreachable right also try
 

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going to be unreachable right also try
to<00:05:00.080><c> ER</c><00:05:00.680><c> check</c><00:05:01.199><c> if</c><00:05:01.440><c> for</c><00:05:01.639><c> some</c><00:05:01.919><c> reason</c><00:05:02.240><c> the</c>

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to ER check if for some reason the
 

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to ER check if for some reason the
language<00:05:02.919><c> have</c><00:05:03.240><c> something</c><00:05:04.000><c> that</c><00:05:04.120><c> is</c>

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language have something that is
 

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language have something that is
basically<00:05:05.039><c> custom</c>

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basically custom
 

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basically custom
selectors<00:05:07.240><c> this</c><00:05:07.440><c> feature</c><00:05:07.960><c> is</c><00:05:08.440><c> actually</c><00:05:09.440><c> like</c>

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selectors this feature is actually like
 

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selectors this feature is actually like
at<00:05:10.320><c> least</c><00:05:10.680><c> for</c><00:05:10.960><c> me</c><00:05:11.960><c> not</c><00:05:12.240><c> a</c><00:05:12.440><c> good</c><00:05:12.639><c> feature</c><00:05:13.039><c> to</c>

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at least for me not a good feature to
 

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at least for me not a good feature to
have<00:05:13.560><c> because</c><00:05:13.759><c> it's</c><00:05:13.960><c> quite</c><00:05:14.199><c> prom</c><00:05:14.520><c> for</c>

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have because it's quite prom for
 

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have because it's quite prom for
scammers<00:05:15.759><c> to</c><00:05:16.000><c> create</c><00:05:16.520><c> hard</c><00:05:16.759><c> to</c><00:05:16.960><c> detect</c><00:05:17.680><c> scams</c>

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scammers to create hard to detect scams
 

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scammers to create hard to detect scams
and<00:05:18.919><c> to</c><00:05:19.080><c> be</c><00:05:19.240><c> honest</c><00:05:19.919><c> the</c><00:05:20.160><c> benefits</c><00:05:20.680><c> of</c><00:05:20.880><c> having</c>

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and to be honest the benefits of having
 

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and to be honest the benefits of having
this<00:05:21.400><c> type</c><00:05:21.600><c> of</c><00:05:21.880><c> issues</c><00:05:22.880><c> are</c><00:05:23.080><c> not</c><00:05:23.479><c> clear</c><00:05:23.880><c> to</c><00:05:24.039><c> me</c>

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this type of issues are not clear to me
 

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this type of issues are not clear to me
okay<00:05:25.919><c> another</c><00:05:26.319><c> thing</c><00:05:26.560><c> the</c><00:05:26.800><c> storage</c><00:05:27.240><c> layout</c>

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okay another thing the storage layout
 

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okay another thing the storage layout
implementation<00:05:29.400><c> this</c>

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implementation this
 

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implementation this
must<00:05:30.440><c> be</c><00:05:31.039><c> consistent</c><00:05:32.039><c> and</c><00:05:32.440><c> I</c><00:05:32.560><c> want</c><00:05:32.759><c> to</c><00:05:33.520><c> take</c>

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must be consistent and I want to take
 

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must be consistent and I want to take
into<00:05:35.160><c> like</c><00:05:35.720><c> the</c><00:05:36.080><c> meeting</c><00:05:36.800><c> one</c><00:05:37.160><c> particular</c>

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into like the meeting one particular
 

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into like the meeting one particular
issue<00:05:37.919><c> that</c><00:05:38.080><c> we</c><00:05:38.240><c> find</c><00:05:38.919><c> in</c><00:05:39.680><c> stylus</c><00:05:40.680><c> which</c>

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issue that we find in stylus which
 

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issue that we find in stylus which
basically<00:05:41.880><c> like</c><00:05:42.600><c> they</c><00:05:42.800><c> manage</c><00:05:43.639><c> The</c>

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basically like they manage The
 

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basically like they manage The
Inheritance<00:05:44.560><c> Fields</c><00:05:45.240><c> different</c><00:05:45.720><c> from</c>

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Inheritance Fields different from
 

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Inheritance Fields different from
solidity<00:05:46.800><c> right</c><00:05:47.639><c> but</c><00:05:47.800><c> the</c><00:05:47.960><c> thing</c><00:05:48.120><c> is</c><00:05:48.280><c> that</c>

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solidity right but the thing is that
 

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solidity right but the thing is that
they<00:05:48.560><c> were</c><00:05:48.840><c> promoting</c><00:05:49.479><c> like</c><00:05:50.280><c> you</c><00:05:50.520><c> could</c><00:05:50.840><c> jump</c>

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they were promoting like you could jump
 

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they were promoting like you could jump
from<00:05:51.639><c> a</c><00:05:52.120><c> contract</c><00:05:52.560><c> that</c><00:05:52.680><c> is</c><00:05:53.280><c> upgradable</c><00:05:54.280><c> that</c>

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from a contract that is upgradable that
 

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from a contract that is upgradable that
basically<00:05:54.960><c> you</c><00:05:55.080><c> can</c><00:05:55.280><c> have</c><00:05:55.520><c> an</c><00:05:56.199><c> implementation</c>

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basically you can have an implementation
 

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basically you can have an implementation
right<00:05:58.400><c> you</c><00:05:58.680><c> switch</c><00:05:59.120><c> from</c><00:05:59.319><c> solid</c><00:06:00.000><c> to</c><00:06:00.160><c> a</c><00:06:00.319><c> stylus</c>

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right you switch from solid to a stylus
 

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right you switch from solid to a stylus
right<00:06:01.440><c> so</c><00:06:01.639><c> they</c><00:06:01.720><c> were</c><00:06:01.960><c> like</c><00:06:02.160><c> pushing</c><00:06:02.720><c> these</c>

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right so they were like pushing these
 

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right so they were like pushing these
type<00:06:03.120><c> of</c><00:06:03.319><c> things</c><00:06:04.199><c> but</c><00:06:05.000><c> as</c><00:06:05.759><c> I</c><00:06:05.960><c> just</c><00:06:06.160><c> mentioned</c>

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type of things but as I just mentioned
 

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type of things but as I just mentioned
they<00:06:07.080><c> managed</c><00:06:07.759><c> the</c><00:06:08.639><c> uh</c><00:06:08.800><c> inherit</c><00:06:09.240><c> Fields</c>

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they managed the uh inherit Fields
 

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they managed the uh inherit Fields
different<00:06:10.400><c> so</c><00:06:10.680><c> this</c><00:06:10.800><c> is</c><00:06:10.919><c> going</c><00:06:11.080><c> to</c><00:06:11.240><c> mess</c><00:06:11.479><c> up</c>

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different so this is going to mess up
 

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different so this is going to mess up
the<00:06:12.080><c> layout</c><00:06:12.479><c> of</c><00:06:12.599><c> your</c><00:06:12.960><c> contracts</c><00:06:13.960><c> okay</c><00:06:14.400><c> so</c>

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the layout of your contracts okay so
 

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the layout of your contracts okay so
there<00:06:15.160><c> are</c><00:06:15.599><c> many</c><00:06:15.840><c> things</c><00:06:16.000><c> to</c><00:06:16.199><c> look</c><00:06:16.400><c> for</c><00:06:16.919><c> of</c>

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there are many things to look for of
 

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there are many things to look for of
course<00:06:17.280><c> we</c><00:06:17.440><c> cannot</c><00:06:17.919><c> go</c><00:06:18.160><c> into</c><00:06:18.919><c> details</c><00:06:19.520><c> because</c>

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course we cannot go into details because
 

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course we cannot go into details because
this<00:06:20.240><c> is</c><00:06:20.400><c> aligning</c><00:06:21.360><c> talk</c><00:06:22.360><c> but</c><00:06:22.840><c> what</c><00:06:23.000><c> I</c><00:06:23.160><c> did</c><00:06:23.360><c> is</c>

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this is aligning talk but what I did is
 

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this is aligning talk but what I did is
that<00:06:23.720><c> I</c><00:06:24.080><c> create</c><00:06:25.080><c> this</c><00:06:25.560><c> repository</c><00:06:26.560><c> which</c><00:06:26.680><c> is</c>

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that I create this repository which is
 

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that I create this repository which is
basically<00:06:27.240><c> a</c><00:06:27.400><c> checker</c><00:06:28.240><c> with</c><00:06:28.520><c> everything</c><00:06:28.880><c> that</c>

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basically a checker with everything that
 

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basically a checker with everything that
I<00:06:29.160><c> know</c><00:06:29.639><c> about</c><00:06:29.919><c> auditing</c><00:06:30.880><c> languages</c><00:06:31.840><c> right</c><00:06:32.440><c> so</c>

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I know about auditing languages right so
 

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I know about auditing languages right so
I'm<00:06:33.080><c> pretty</c><00:06:33.280><c> sure</c><00:06:33.599><c> that</c><00:06:34.039><c> it</c><00:06:34.440><c> will</c><00:06:34.639><c> be</c><00:06:34.800><c> valuable</c>

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I'm pretty sure that it will be valuable
 

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I'm pretty sure that it will be valuable
for<00:06:35.400><c> you</c><00:06:35.599><c> guys</c><00:06:35.840><c> if</c><00:06:35.960><c> you</c><00:06:36.160><c> ever</c><00:06:36.840><c> need</c><00:06:37.120><c> to</c><00:06:37.280><c> face</c>

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for you guys if you ever need to face
 

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for you guys if you ever need to face
this<00:06:37.960><c> type</c><00:06:38.160><c> of</c><00:06:38.319><c> audits</c><00:06:39.120><c> so</c><00:06:39.720><c> please</c><00:06:40.120><c> give</c><00:06:40.240><c> it</c><00:06:40.360><c> a</c>

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this type of audits so please give it a
 

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this type of audits so please give it a
look<00:06:41.120><c> I'm</c><00:06:41.319><c> pretty</c><00:06:41.520><c> sure</c><00:06:41.840><c> that</c><00:06:42.039><c> there</c><00:06:42.160><c> is</c><00:06:42.479><c> still</c>

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look I'm pretty sure that there is still
 

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look I'm pretty sure that there is still
a<00:06:42.880><c> lot</c><00:06:43.000><c> of</c><00:06:43.160><c> room</c><00:06:43.520><c> for</c>

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a lot of room for
 

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a lot of room for
improvement<00:06:45.280><c> ER</c><00:06:45.560><c> so</c><00:06:45.759><c> please</c><00:06:46.000><c> contribute</c><00:06:46.440><c> to</c>

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improvement ER so please contribute to
 

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improvement ER so please contribute to
it<00:06:47.160><c> and</c><00:06:47.400><c> hopefully</c><00:06:48.080><c> you</c><00:06:48.280><c> find</c><00:06:49.080><c> Value</c><00:06:49.400><c> on</c><00:06:49.560><c> it</c>

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it and hopefully you find Value on it
 

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it and hopefully you find Value on it
so<00:06:51.720><c> that's</c><00:06:52.000><c> it</c><00:06:52.560><c> thank</c><00:06:52.720><c> you</c><00:06:52.840><c> so</c><00:06:53.039><c> much</c><00:06:53.199><c> for</c><00:06:53.360><c> your</c>

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so that's it thank you so much for your
 

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so that's it thank you so much for your
time<00:06:54.960><c> for</c><00:06:55.199><c> your</c><00:06:55.440><c> attention</c><00:06:56.039><c> and</c><00:06:56.280><c> big</c><00:06:56.400><c> round</c><00:06:56.560><c> of</c>

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time for your attention and big round of
 

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time for your attention and big round of
applause<00:06:57.000><c> for</c><00:06:57.120><c> our</c><00:06:57.319><c> speaker</c><00:06:58.319><c> if</c><00:06:58.440><c> you</c><00:06:58.639><c> have</c>

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applause for our speaker if you have
 

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applause for our speaker if you have
questions<00:06:59.840><c> I</c><00:07:00.039><c> love</c><00:07:00.199><c> to</c><00:07:00.360><c> hear</c><00:07:00.520><c> them</c><00:07:00.800><c> check</c><00:07:01.039><c> the</c>

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questions I love to hear them check the
 

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questions I love to hear them check the
repository<00:07:01.879><c> please</c><00:07:02.720><c> and</c><00:07:02.960><c> thank</c><00:07:03.120><c> you</c><00:07:03.240><c> for</c>

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repository please and thank you for
 

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repository please and thank you for
doing<00:07:03.879><c> the</c><00:07:04.120><c> the</c><00:07:04.280><c> hard</c><00:07:04.520><c> work</c><00:07:05.360><c> um</c>

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doing the the hard work um
 

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doing the the hard work um
questions<00:07:07.479><c> any</c>

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questions any
 

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questions any
hand<00:07:10.039><c> hand</c>

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okay<00:07:14.120><c> thank</c>

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okay thank
 

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okay thank
you<00:07:16.720><c> yeah</c><00:07:17.479><c> uh</c><00:07:17.639><c> I'm</c><00:07:17.800><c> Z</c><00:07:18.240><c> from</c><00:07:18.400><c> random</c>

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you yeah uh I'm Z from random
 

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you yeah uh I'm Z from random
verification<00:07:19.639><c> and</c><00:07:20.039><c> uh</c><00:07:20.479><c> I'm</c><00:07:20.680><c> very</c><00:07:20.960><c> curious</c>

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verification and uh I'm very curious
 

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verification and uh I'm very curious
about<00:07:22.080><c> the</c><00:07:22.720><c> language</c><00:07:23.720><c> auditing</c><00:07:24.720><c> is</c><00:07:24.919><c> that</c>

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about the language auditing is that
 

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about the language auditing is that
equivalent<00:07:25.759><c> to</c><00:07:26.360><c> compiler</c>

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equivalent to compiler
 

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equivalent to compiler
verification<00:07:28.639><c> not</c><00:07:28.960><c> actually</c><00:07:29.879><c> but</c><00:07:30.400><c> in</c><00:07:30.720><c> our</c>

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verification not actually but in our
 

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verification not actually but in our
case<00:07:31.599><c> we</c><00:07:31.800><c> had</c><00:07:32.240><c> to</c><00:07:32.720><c> take</c><00:07:33.400><c> like</c><00:07:33.720><c> many</c><00:07:34.160><c> approaches</c>

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case we had to take like many approaches
 

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case we had to take like many approaches
because<00:07:35.280><c> it's</c><00:07:35.440><c> not</c><00:07:35.639><c> only</c><00:07:36.039><c> like</c><00:07:36.479><c> languages</c>

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because it's not only like languages
 

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because it's not only like languages
that<00:07:37.280><c> were</c><00:07:37.520><c> written</c><00:07:37.840><c> from</c><00:07:38.080><c> scratch</c><00:07:38.680><c> but</c><00:07:38.879><c> also</c>

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that were written from scratch but also
 

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that were written from scratch but also
like<00:07:39.720><c> edsls</c><00:07:40.720><c> languages</c><00:07:41.360><c> so</c><00:07:41.520><c> there</c><00:07:41.599><c> are</c><00:07:41.800><c> many</c>

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like edsls languages so there are many
 

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like edsls languages so there are many
types<00:07:42.879><c> right</c><00:07:43.199><c> so</c><00:07:44.000><c> in</c><00:07:44.520><c> our</c><00:07:44.919><c> case</c><00:07:45.599><c> we</c><00:07:45.720><c> didn't</c>

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types right so in our case we didn't
 

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types right so in our case we didn't
like<00:07:46.720><c> audit</c><00:07:47.319><c> the</c><00:07:47.599><c> compiler</c><00:07:48.400><c> for</c><00:07:48.599><c> example</c><00:07:48.879><c> for</c>

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like audit the compiler for example for
 

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like audit the compiler for example for
ex<00:07:49.319><c> stus</c><00:07:49.800><c> and</c><00:07:50.039><c> neither</c><00:07:50.319><c> for</c><00:07:50.520><c> Inc</c><00:07:51.000><c> because</c><00:07:51.240><c> it's</c>

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ex stus and neither for Inc because it's
 

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ex stus and neither for Inc because it's
rust<00:07:52.199><c> right</c><00:07:52.720><c> so</c><00:07:53.000><c> we</c><00:07:53.280><c> validate</c><00:07:53.879><c> that</c><00:07:54.199><c> the</c><00:07:54.520><c> for</c>

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rust right so we validate that the for
 

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rust right so we validate that the for
example<00:07:55.199><c> the</c><00:07:55.720><c> macros</c><00:07:56.520><c> were</c><00:07:56.919><c> properly</c>

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example the macros were properly
 

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example the macros were properly
implemented<00:07:58.360><c> the</c><00:07:58.599><c> wasm</c><00:07:59.199><c> was</c><00:07:59.680><c> correctly</c>

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implemented the wasm was correctly
 

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implemented the wasm was correctly
generated<00:08:00.759><c> by</c><00:08:00.919><c> the</c><00:08:01.039><c> code</c><00:08:01.280><c> that</c><00:08:01.400><c> they</c><00:08:01.599><c> written</c>

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generated by the code that they written
 

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generated by the code that they written
right<00:08:02.639><c> but</c><00:08:03.000><c> we</c><00:08:03.680><c> do</c><00:08:03.879><c> not</c><00:08:04.159><c> do</c><00:08:04.800><c> a</c><00:08:05.039><c> formal</c>

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right but we do not do a formal
 

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right but we do not do a formal
verification<00:08:06.680><c> first</c><00:08:07.240><c> we</c><00:08:07.479><c> actually</c><00:08:08.080><c> first</c><00:08:08.400><c> do</c>

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verification first we actually first do
 

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verification first we actually first do
the<00:08:08.800><c> manual</c><00:08:09.120><c> review</c><00:08:09.759><c> and</c><00:08:09.879><c> then</c><00:08:10.039><c> we</c><00:08:10.159><c> jump</c><00:08:10.440><c> into</c>

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the manual review and then we jump into
 

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the manual review and then we jump into
formal<00:08:11.159><c> verification</c><00:08:11.800><c> that's</c><00:08:12.599><c> basically</c>

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formal verification that's basically
 

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formal verification that's basically
like<00:08:13.840><c> the</c><00:08:14.199><c> framework</c><00:08:14.759><c> that</c><00:08:14.879><c> we</c><00:08:15.080><c> normally</c><00:08:15.800><c> do</c>

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like the framework that we normally do
 

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like the framework that we normally do
thank<00:08:16.960><c> you</c><00:08:17.319><c> fantastic</c><00:08:18.000><c> any</c><00:08:18.440><c> other</c><00:08:18.879><c> question</c>

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thank you fantastic any other question
 

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thank you fantastic any other question
there<00:08:20.039><c> is</c><00:08:20.560><c> one</c><00:08:20.800><c> guy</c><00:08:20.960><c> over</c><00:08:21.240><c> there</c><00:08:21.800><c> let's</c><00:08:22.159><c> be</c>

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there is one guy over there let's be
 

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there is one guy over there let's be
very<00:08:23.599><c> quick</c><00:08:24.599><c> or</c><00:08:24.840><c> no</c><00:08:25.039><c> we</c><00:08:25.120><c> are</c><00:08:25.280><c> out</c><00:08:25.440><c> of</c><00:08:25.639><c> time</c><00:08:26.120><c> okay</c>

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very quick or no we are out of time okay
 

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very quick or no we are out of time okay
sorry<00:08:26.960><c> so</c><00:08:27.159><c> please</c><00:08:27.560><c> catch</c><00:08:27.720><c> up</c><00:08:27.879><c> with</c><00:08:28.039><c> the</c>

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sorry so please catch up with the
 

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sorry so please catch up with the
speaker<00:08:29.560><c> thank</c><00:08:29.759><c> you</c><00:08:29.960><c> again</c>

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speaker thank you again
 

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speaker thank you again
bye-bye<00:08:32.120><c> another</c><00:08:32.399><c> round</c><00:08:32.560><c> of</c><00:08:32.760><c> applause</c>