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[Music]

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I'd<00:00:17.960><c> like</c><00:00:18.119><c> to</c><00:00:18.320><c> introduce</c><00:00:18.840><c> our</c><00:00:19.080><c> next</c><00:00:19.400><c> speaker</c>

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I'd like to introduce our next speaker
 

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I'd like to introduce our next speaker
by<00:00:20.400><c> just</c><00:00:20.680><c> saying</c><00:00:21.080><c> that</c><00:00:21.320><c> he</c><00:00:21.480><c> is</c><00:00:21.640><c> going</c><00:00:21.840><c> to</c><00:00:21.960><c> be</c>

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by just saying that he is going to be
 

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by just saying that he is going to be
speaking<00:00:22.760><c> on</c><00:00:23.680><c> Casper</c><00:00:24.560><c> and</c><00:00:25.240><c> there</c><00:00:25.400><c> are</c><00:00:25.760><c> many</c>

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speaking on Casper and there are many
 

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speaking on Casper and there are many
different<00:00:26.519><c> approaches</c><00:00:26.920><c> to</c><00:00:27.199><c> Casper</c><00:00:27.880><c> proof</c><00:00:28.119><c> of</c>

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different approaches to Casper proof of
 

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different approaches to Casper proof of
stake<00:00:29.279><c> and</c><00:00:29.720><c> um</c><00:00:30.160><c> because</c><00:00:30.560><c> I</c><00:00:30.759><c> really</c><00:00:31.160><c> wanted</c><00:00:31.519><c> to</c>

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stake and um because I really wanted to
 

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stake and um because I really wanted to
um<00:00:33.239><c> give</c><00:00:33.559><c> lad</c><00:00:34.120><c> zier</c><00:00:34.559><c> a</c><00:00:34.680><c> special</c><00:00:35.000><c> introduction</c>

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um give lad zier a special introduction
 

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um give lad zier a special introduction
I<00:00:35.920><c> think</c><00:00:36.120><c> we</c><00:00:36.239><c> should</c><00:00:36.480><c> all</c><00:00:36.760><c> chant</c><00:00:37.760><c> Casper</c>

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I think we should all chant Casper
 

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I think we should all chant Casper
Casper<00:00:40.200><c> Casper</c><00:00:41.360><c> Casper</c><00:00:42.520><c> Casper</c><00:00:43.600><c> Casper</c>

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Casper Casper Casper Casper Casper
 

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Casper Casper Casper Casper Casper
Casper<00:00:45.320><c> come</c><00:00:45.440><c> on</c><00:00:45.640><c> up</c>

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Casper come on up
 

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Casper come on up
[Applause]

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[Applause]
 

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[Applause]
Vlad<00:00:50.000><c> super</c>

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Vlad super
 

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Vlad super
dumb<00:00:52.680><c> okay</c><00:00:52.840><c> great</c><00:00:53.120><c> I'm</c><00:00:53.239><c> I'm</c><00:00:53.359><c> miked</c><00:00:53.640><c> up</c>

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dumb okay great I'm I'm miked up
 

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dumb okay great I'm I'm miked up
already<00:00:55.399><c> uh</c><00:00:55.559><c> White</c>

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already uh White
 

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already uh White
clicker<00:00:58.239><c> all</c><00:00:58.920><c> right</c>

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clicker all right
 

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clicker all right
let's<00:01:01.480><c> just</c><00:01:01.640><c> test</c><00:01:01.879><c> the</c>

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let's just test the
 

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let's just test the
clicker

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clicker
 

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clicker
great<00:01:05.720><c> all</c><00:01:06.439><c> right</c><00:01:07.799><c> um</c><00:01:08.799><c> all</c><00:01:08.960><c> right</c><00:01:09.840><c> are</c><00:01:10.000><c> we</c>

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great all right um all right are we
 

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great all right um all right are we
ready<00:01:10.320><c> to</c><00:01:10.520><c> go</c><00:01:10.759><c> time's</c><00:01:11.040><c> rolling</c><00:01:11.640><c> okay</c><00:01:11.840><c> time</c><00:01:12.000><c> to</c>

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ready to go time's rolling okay time to
 

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ready to go time's rolling okay time to
go<00:01:13.080><c> uh</c><00:01:13.360><c> so</c><00:01:13.560><c> I'm</c><00:01:13.640><c> going</c><00:01:13.759><c> to</c><00:01:13.840><c> present</c><00:01:14.080><c> to</c><00:01:14.159><c> you</c>

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go uh so I'm going to present to you
 

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go uh so I'm going to present to you
basically<00:01:14.680><c> my</c><00:01:14.880><c> research</c><00:01:15.479><c> on</c><00:01:16.360><c> uh</c><00:01:16.520><c> correct</c><00:01:16.840><c> by</c>

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basically my research on uh correct by
 

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basically my research on uh correct by
Construction<00:01:17.759><c> Casper</c><00:01:18.759><c> um</c><00:01:19.280><c> you</c><00:01:19.400><c> know</c><00:01:19.640><c> which</c>

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Construction Casper um you know which
 

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Construction Casper um you know which
I've<00:01:20.040><c> done</c><00:01:20.240><c> over</c><00:01:20.439><c> the</c><00:01:20.560><c> last</c><00:01:20.720><c> few</c><00:01:20.880><c> months</c><00:01:21.159><c> with</c>

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I've done over the last few months with
 

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I've done over the last few months with
a<00:01:21.360><c> lot</c><00:01:21.479><c> of</c><00:01:22.040><c> thank</c><00:01:22.439><c> with</c><00:01:22.560><c> a</c><00:01:22.640><c> lot</c><00:01:22.759><c> of</c><00:01:22.920><c> help</c><00:01:23.479><c> and</c>

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a lot of thank with a lot of help and
 

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a lot of thank with a lot of help and
kind<00:01:23.840><c> of</c><00:01:23.920><c> got</c><00:01:24.119><c> in</c><00:01:24.240><c> from</c><00:01:24.360><c> Greg</c><00:01:24.560><c> Meredith</c><00:01:25.320><c> I</c>

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kind of got in from Greg Meredith I
 

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kind of got in from Greg Meredith I
can't<00:01:25.600><c> see</c><00:01:25.759><c> him</c><00:01:25.920><c> right</c><00:01:26.040><c> now</c><00:01:26.200><c> through</c><00:01:26.360><c> all</c><00:01:26.479><c> the</c>

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can't see him right now through all the
 

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can't see him right now through all the
glaring<00:01:27.360><c> lights</c><00:01:27.799><c> but</c><00:01:28.320><c> I</c><00:01:28.400><c> thought</c><00:01:28.560><c> I'd</c><00:01:28.720><c> give</c>

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glaring lights but I thought I'd give
 

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glaring lights but I thought I'd give
him<00:01:28.920><c> a</c><00:01:29.000><c> shout</c><00:01:29.200><c> out</c><00:01:29.360><c> right</c><00:01:29.479><c> away</c><00:01:30.320><c> so</c><00:01:31.280><c> um</c><00:01:31.640><c> so</c><00:01:31.759><c> I'm</c>

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him a shout out right away so um so I'm
 

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him a shout out right away so um so I'm
going<00:01:31.960><c> to</c><00:01:32.200><c> cover</c><00:01:32.399><c> some</c><00:01:32.560><c> background</c><00:01:32.880><c> knowledge</c>

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going to cover some background knowledge
 

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going to cover some background knowledge
for<00:01:33.479><c> about</c><00:01:33.640><c> consensus</c><00:01:34.079><c> protocols</c><00:01:34.520><c> and</c><00:01:34.600><c> then</c>

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for about consensus protocols and then
 

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for about consensus protocols and then
I'm<00:01:34.799><c> going</c><00:01:34.920><c> to</c><00:01:35.040><c> talk</c><00:01:35.280><c> about</c><00:01:35.840><c> and</c><00:01:36.000><c> like</c><00:01:36.119><c> cover</c>

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I'm going to talk about and like cover
 

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I'm going to talk about and like cover
my<00:01:36.520><c> research</c><00:01:36.920><c> for</c><00:01:37.520><c> for</c><00:01:37.880><c> Casper</c><00:01:38.720><c> and</c><00:01:38.840><c> then</c><00:01:38.960><c> I'll</c>

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my research for for Casper and then I'll
 

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my research for for Casper and then I'll
kind<00:01:39.280><c> of</c><00:01:39.439><c> relate</c><00:01:39.759><c> it</c><00:01:39.880><c> to</c><00:01:40.079><c> the</c><00:01:40.240><c> previous</c>

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kind of relate it to the previous
 

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kind of relate it to the previous
literature<00:01:41.119><c> and</c><00:01:41.240><c> talk</c><00:01:41.399><c> about</c><00:01:41.560><c> future</c><00:01:41.840><c> work</c><00:01:42.399><c> so</c>

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literature and talk about future work so
 

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literature and talk about future work so
there's<00:01:42.680><c> a</c><00:01:42.759><c> lot</c><00:01:42.920><c> to</c><00:01:43.000><c> get</c><00:01:43.159><c> through</c><00:01:43.320><c> I'm</c><00:01:43.399><c> going</c>

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there's a lot to get through I'm going
 

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there's a lot to get through I'm going
to<00:01:43.600><c> do</c><00:01:43.680><c> it</c><00:01:43.840><c> really</c><00:01:44.280><c> fast</c><00:01:45.280><c> uh</c><00:01:45.640><c> so</c><00:01:46.000><c> for</c><00:01:46.479><c> here's</c><00:01:46.680><c> my</c>

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to do it really fast uh so for here's my
 

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to do it really fast uh so for here's my
little<00:01:48.119><c> there</c><00:01:48.280><c> a</c><00:01:48.399><c> table</c><00:01:48.560><c> of</c><00:01:48.640><c> contents</c><00:01:49.000><c> who</c>

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little there a table of contents who
 

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little there a table of contents who
cares<00:01:49.399><c> right</c><00:01:49.920><c> uh</c><00:01:50.040><c> so</c><00:01:50.200><c> what</c><00:01:50.320><c> are</c><00:01:50.439><c> consensus</c>

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cares right uh so what are consensus
 

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cares right uh so what are consensus
protocols<00:01:51.280><c> consensus</c><00:01:51.680><c> protocols</c><00:01:52.119><c> basically</c>

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protocols consensus protocols basically
 

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protocols consensus protocols basically
are<00:01:52.600><c> something</c><00:01:52.840><c> that</c><00:01:52.960><c> nodes</c><00:01:53.439><c> Ed</c><00:01:53.880><c> to</c><00:01:54.399><c> make</c><00:01:54.680><c> the</c>

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are something that nodes Ed to make the
 

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are something that nodes Ed to make the
same<00:01:55.040><c> decision</c><00:01:55.399><c> about</c><00:01:55.640><c> something</c><00:01:56.159><c> this</c><00:01:56.240><c> is</c>

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same decision about something this is
 

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same decision about something this is
like<00:01:56.520><c> the</c><00:01:56.640><c> kind</c><00:01:56.759><c> of</c><00:01:56.880><c> traditional</c><00:01:57.520><c> definition</c>

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like the kind of traditional definition
 

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like the kind of traditional definition
of<00:01:58.039><c> consensus</c><00:01:58.479><c> protocols</c><00:01:59.240><c> that</c><00:01:59.439><c> really</c>

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of consensus protocols that really
 

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of consensus protocols that really
um<00:02:00.680><c> has</c><00:02:00.840><c> it</c><00:02:01.039><c> concept</c><00:02:01.360><c> of</c><00:02:01.840><c> decision</c><00:02:02.479><c> as</c><00:02:02.640><c> like</c><00:02:02.880><c> at</c>

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um has it concept of decision as like at
 

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um has it concept of decision as like at
its<00:02:03.200><c> core</c><00:02:04.119><c> um</c><00:02:04.439><c> and</c><00:02:04.560><c> a</c><00:02:04.680><c> consensus</c><00:02:05.159><c> Proto</c><00:02:05.520><c> and</c>

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its core um and a consensus Proto and
 

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its core um and a consensus Proto and
having<00:02:06.000><c> consensus</c><00:02:06.600><c> basically</c><00:02:07.000><c> means</c><00:02:07.280><c> that</c><00:02:07.439><c> we</c>

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having consensus basically means that we
 

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having consensus basically means that we
have<00:02:07.799><c> the</c><00:02:07.880><c> protocol</c><00:02:08.280><c> in</c><00:02:08.399><c> a</c><00:02:08.599><c> state</c><00:02:09.399><c> where</c><00:02:10.319><c> uh</c>

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have the protocol in a state where uh
 

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have the protocol in a state where uh
all<00:02:10.679><c> of</c><00:02:10.840><c> the</c><00:02:10.959><c> protocol</c><00:02:11.480><c> following</c><00:02:11.840><c> noes</c><00:02:12.160><c> are</c>

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all of the protocol following noes are
 

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all of the protocol following noes are
guaranteed<00:02:12.879><c> to</c><00:02:13.000><c> make</c><00:02:13.200><c> the</c><00:02:13.280><c> same</c><00:02:13.800><c> decision</c><00:02:14.800><c> um</c>

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guaranteed to make the same decision um
 

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guaranteed to make the same decision um
and<00:02:15.720><c> and</c><00:02:15.920><c> basically</c><00:02:16.760><c> these</c><00:02:16.959><c> protocol</c>

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and and basically these protocol
 

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and and basically these protocol
following<00:02:18.080><c> nodes</c><00:02:18.840><c> are</c><00:02:19.560><c> the</c><00:02:19.640><c> protocol</c><00:02:19.959><c> is</c>

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following nodes are the protocol is
 

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following nodes are the protocol is
called<00:02:20.280><c> safe</c><00:02:20.840><c> if</c><00:02:21.280><c> they're</c><00:02:22.280><c> if</c><00:02:22.599><c> when</c><00:02:22.800><c> they</c><00:02:22.920><c> make</c>

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called safe if they're if when they make
 

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called safe if they're if when they make
a<00:02:23.319><c> decision</c><00:02:24.160><c> uh</c><00:02:24.280><c> they</c><00:02:24.400><c> will</c><00:02:24.640><c> always</c><00:02:24.920><c> make</c><00:02:25.080><c> the</c>

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a decision uh they will always make the
 

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a decision uh they will always make the
same<00:02:25.920><c> decision</c><00:02:26.920><c> it's</c><00:02:27.120><c> called</c><00:02:27.840><c> uh</c><00:02:28.080><c> it's</c><00:02:28.280><c> called</c>

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same decision it's called uh it's called
 

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same decision it's called uh it's called
live<00:02:29.560><c> if</c>

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live if
 

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live if
uh<00:02:31.080><c> there</c><00:02:31.319><c> it's</c><00:02:31.480><c> definitely</c><00:02:31.879><c> the</c><00:02:32.000><c> case</c><00:02:32.200><c> that</c>

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uh there it's definitely the case that
 

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uh there it's definitely the case that
they<00:02:32.519><c> will</c><00:02:32.760><c> make</c><00:02:32.879><c> a</c><00:02:33.040><c> decision</c><00:02:33.680><c> eventually</c><00:02:34.160><c> in</c>

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they will make a decision eventually in
 

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they will make a decision eventually in
some<00:02:34.480><c> in</c><00:02:34.560><c> some</c><00:02:34.800><c> in</c><00:02:34.920><c> some</c><00:02:35.239><c> in</c><00:02:35.360><c> some</c><00:02:35.560><c> kind</c><00:02:35.680><c> of</c>

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some in some in some in some kind of
 

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some in some in some in some kind of
finite<00:02:36.680><c> amount</c><00:02:36.879><c> of</c><00:02:37.080><c> time</c><00:02:37.640><c> like</c><00:02:37.800><c> you</c><00:02:37.920><c> can</c><00:02:38.080><c> like</c>

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finite amount of time like you can like
 

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finite amount of time like you can like
guarantee<00:02:38.840><c> like</c><00:02:39.080><c> prove</c><00:02:39.959><c> that</c><00:02:40.239><c> they</c><00:02:40.400><c> will</c><00:02:40.599><c> make</c>

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guarantee like prove that they will make
 

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guarantee like prove that they will make
a<00:02:41.319><c> decision</c><00:02:42.319><c> um</c><00:02:42.760><c> so</c><00:02:43.760><c> so</c><00:02:43.959><c> those</c><00:02:44.080><c> are</c><00:02:44.200><c> like</c><00:02:44.319><c> some</c>

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a decision um so so those are like some
 

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a decision um so so those are like some
basic<00:02:44.840><c> concepts</c><00:02:45.159><c> of</c><00:02:45.280><c> livess</c><00:02:45.640><c> and</c><00:02:45.840><c> safety</c><00:02:46.280><c> that</c>

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basic concepts of livess and safety that
 

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basic concepts of livess and safety that
and<00:02:46.840><c> so</c><00:02:47.000><c> let's</c><00:02:47.239><c> let's</c><00:02:47.440><c> review</c><00:02:47.720><c> them</c><00:02:47.879><c> quickly</c>

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and so let's let's review them quickly
 

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and so let's let's review them quickly
again<00:02:48.680><c> so</c><00:02:48.920><c> safety</c><00:02:49.560><c> is</c><00:02:49.879><c> the</c><00:02:50.040><c> property</c><00:02:50.360><c> that</c>

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again so safety is the property that
 

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again so safety is the property that
when<00:02:50.720><c> knows</c><00:02:51.080><c> decide</c><00:02:51.800><c> they</c><00:02:51.959><c> all</c><00:02:52.120><c> decide</c><00:02:52.440><c> the</c>

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when knows decide they all decide the
 

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when knows decide they all decide the
same<00:02:52.760><c> thing</c><00:02:53.319><c> liveness</c><00:02:53.800><c> is</c><00:02:53.879><c> the</c><00:02:54.040><c> property</c><00:02:54.440><c> that</c>

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same thing liveness is the property that
 

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same thing liveness is the property that
nodes<00:02:55.680><c> will</c><00:02:55.959><c> eventually</c><00:02:56.760><c> decide</c><00:02:57.760><c> um</c>

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nodes will eventually decide um
 

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nodes will eventually decide um
asynchronous<00:02:58.760><c> networks</c><00:02:59.360><c> are</c><00:02:59.760><c> are</c><00:03:00.480><c> basically</c>

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asynchronous networks are are basically
 

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asynchronous networks are are basically
this<00:03:01.159><c> like</c><00:03:01.360><c> Topic</c><00:03:01.720><c> in</c><00:03:02.200><c> and</c><00:03:02.400><c> cons</c><00:03:02.760><c> protocols</c>

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this like Topic in and cons protocols
 

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this like Topic in and cons protocols
that<00:03:03.680><c> uh</c><00:03:03.840><c> is</c><00:03:04.440><c> not</c><00:03:04.599><c> really</c><00:03:04.799><c> related</c><00:03:05.080><c> to</c>

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that uh is not really related to
 

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that uh is not really related to
asynchronous<00:03:05.799><c> like</c><00:03:05.959><c> calls</c><00:03:06.280><c> and</c><00:03:06.440><c> asynchronous</c>

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asynchronous like calls and asynchronous
 

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asynchronous like calls and asynchronous
Computing<00:03:07.560><c> it</c><00:03:07.720><c> just</c><00:03:07.879><c> has</c><00:03:08.000><c> to</c><00:03:08.120><c> do</c><00:03:08.280><c> with</c><00:03:08.400><c> the</c>

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Computing it just has to do with the
 

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Computing it just has to do with the
fact<00:03:08.680><c> that</c><00:03:08.799><c> we</c><00:03:08.920><c> don't</c><00:03:09.120><c> have</c><00:03:09.680><c> timing</c>

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fact that we don't have timing
 

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fact that we don't have timing
assumptions<00:03:10.360><c> on</c><00:03:10.480><c> the</c><00:03:10.680><c> network</c><00:03:11.680><c> um</c><00:03:12.640><c> which</c>

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assumptions on the network um which
 

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assumptions on the network um which
basically<00:03:13.080><c> means</c><00:03:13.280><c> that</c><00:03:13.480><c> Communications</c><00:03:14.040><c> can</c>

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basically means that Communications can
 

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basically means that Communications can
arrive<00:03:14.440><c> in</c><00:03:14.560><c> any</c><00:03:14.760><c> causally</c><00:03:15.200><c> consistent</c><00:03:15.599><c> order</c>

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arrive in any causally consistent order
 

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arrive in any causally consistent order
like<00:03:16.400><c> any</c><00:03:16.720><c> order</c><00:03:17.480><c> where</c><00:03:17.760><c> like</c><00:03:17.879><c> you</c><00:03:18.000><c> know</c><00:03:18.400><c> if</c><00:03:18.519><c> a</c>

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like any order where like you know if a
 

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like any order where like you know if a
message<00:03:19.680><c> be</c><00:03:20.159><c> that</c><00:03:20.400><c> like</c><00:03:21.080><c> is</c><00:03:21.599><c> causally</c><00:03:22.599><c> uh</c><00:03:22.799><c> you</c>

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message be that like is causally uh you
 

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message be that like is causally uh you
know<00:03:23.040><c> is</c><00:03:23.159><c> caused</c><00:03:23.400><c> by</c><00:03:23.519><c> a</c><00:03:23.599><c> message</c><00:03:23.959><c> a</c><00:03:24.720><c> like</c><00:03:24.920><c> can't</c>

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know is caused by a message a like can't
 

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know is caused by a message a like can't
arrive<00:03:26.000><c> like</c><00:03:26.560><c> before</c><00:03:26.920><c> message</c><00:03:27.239><c> a</c><00:03:27.480><c> that's</c><00:03:27.599><c> like</c>

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arrive like before message a that's like
 

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arrive like before message a that's like
the<00:03:27.840><c> only</c><00:03:28.000><c> kind</c><00:03:28.120><c> of</c><00:03:28.280><c> the</c><00:03:28.400><c> only</c><00:03:28.560><c> kind</c><00:03:28.680><c> of</c>

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the only kind of the only kind of
 

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the only kind of the only kind of
ordering<00:03:29.239><c> that's</c><00:03:29.360><c> imposed</c><00:03:29.879><c> on</c><00:03:30.000><c> network</c>

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ordering that's imposed on network
 

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ordering that's imposed on network
messages<00:03:31.040><c> is</c><00:03:31.239><c> the</c><00:03:31.439><c> ordering</c><00:03:31.840><c> that's</c><00:03:32.000><c> imposed</c>

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messages is the ordering that's imposed
 

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messages is the ordering that's imposed
by<00:03:32.439><c> the</c><00:03:32.560><c> causation</c><00:03:33.080><c> of</c><00:03:33.239><c> the</c><00:03:33.360><c> protocol</c><00:03:33.720><c> State</c>

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by the causation of the protocol State
 

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by the causation of the protocol State
updates<00:03:35.480><c> um</c><00:03:35.920><c> and</c><00:03:36.040><c> usually</c><00:03:36.319><c> with</c><00:03:36.560><c> asynchronous</c>

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updates um and usually with asynchronous
 

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updates um and usually with asynchronous
networks<00:03:37.360><c> we</c><00:03:37.480><c> we</c><00:03:37.599><c> assume</c><00:03:37.879><c> that</c><00:03:38.000><c> the</c><00:03:38.080><c> network</c>

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networks we we assume that the network
 

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networks we we assume that the network
that<00:03:38.519><c> the</c><00:03:38.599><c> messages</c><00:03:38.959><c> get</c><00:03:39.159><c> arrive</c><00:03:39.480><c> event</c>

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that the messages get arrive event
 

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that the messages get arrive event
arrive<00:03:40.319><c> eventually</c><00:03:41.080><c> but</c><00:03:41.200><c> we</c><00:03:41.360><c> just</c><00:03:41.640><c> we</c><00:03:41.799><c> can't</c>

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arrive eventually but we just we can't
 

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arrive eventually but we just we can't
ever<00:03:42.200><c> say</c><00:03:42.400><c> in</c><00:03:42.519><c> what</c><00:03:42.680><c> order</c><00:03:43.680><c> um</c><00:03:44.319><c> so</c>

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ever say in what order um so
 

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ever say in what order um so
asynchronous<00:03:45.159><c> consensus</c><00:03:45.519><c> is</c><00:03:45.720><c> kind</c><00:03:45.799><c> of</c>

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asynchronous consensus is kind of
 

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asynchronous consensus is kind of
difficult<00:03:46.920><c> and</c><00:03:47.040><c> we</c><00:03:47.159><c> kind</c><00:03:47.239><c> of</c><00:03:47.360><c> know</c><00:03:47.560><c> this</c>

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difficult and we kind of know this
 

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difficult and we kind of know this
because<00:03:47.920><c> of</c><00:03:48.000><c> this</c><00:03:48.280><c> flp</c><00:03:48.680><c> impossibility</c><00:03:49.239><c> result</c>

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because of this flp impossibility result
 

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because of this flp impossibility result
which<00:03:49.720><c> says</c><00:03:49.959><c> that</c><00:03:50.120><c> like</c><00:03:50.720><c> in</c><00:03:51.080><c> an</c><00:03:51.239><c> asynchronous</c>

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which says that like in an asynchronous
 

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which says that like in an asynchronous
Network<00:03:52.239><c> you</c><00:03:52.439><c> can't</c><00:03:52.760><c> actually</c><00:03:53.000><c> be</c><00:03:53.239><c> live</c><00:03:53.599><c> and</c>

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Network you can't actually be live and
 

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Network you can't actually be live and
safe<00:03:54.760><c> and</c><00:03:55.319><c> in</c><00:03:55.400><c> the</c><00:03:55.560><c> presence</c><00:03:55.799><c> of</c><00:03:56.079><c> one</c><00:03:56.319><c> fault</c><00:03:56.680><c> or</c>

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safe and in the presence of one fault or
 

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safe and in the presence of one fault or
more<00:03:57.519><c> basically</c><00:03:58.200><c> if</c><00:03:58.480><c> if</c><00:03:58.640><c> any</c><00:03:58.799><c> of</c><00:03:59.000><c> these</c><00:03:59.519><c> um</c>

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more basically if if any of these um
 

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more basically if if any of these um
Communications<00:04:00.920><c> can</c><00:04:01.120><c> fail</c><00:04:01.640><c> you</c><00:04:01.760><c> can</c><00:04:02.000><c> you</c><00:04:02.079><c> can</c>

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Communications can fail you can you can
 

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Communications can fail you can you can
kind<00:04:02.360><c> of</c><00:04:02.519><c> show</c><00:04:02.920><c> that</c><00:04:03.200><c> in</c><00:04:03.360><c> an</c><00:04:03.519><c> asynchronous</c>

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kind of show that in an asynchronous
 

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kind of show that in an asynchronous
Network<00:04:05.720><c> um</c><00:04:06.720><c> you</c><00:04:06.920><c> you</c><00:04:07.079><c> can't</c><00:04:07.319><c> be</c><00:04:07.640><c> both</c>

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Network um you you can't be both
 

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Network um you you can't be both
guarantee<00:04:08.239><c> that</c><00:04:08.360><c> everyone</c><00:04:08.640><c> will</c><00:04:08.799><c> make</c><00:04:08.959><c> the</c>

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guarantee that everyone will make the
 

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guarantee that everyone will make the
same<00:04:09.280><c> decision</c><00:04:09.959><c> and</c><00:04:10.079><c> that</c><00:04:10.200><c> we'll</c><00:04:10.360><c> be</c><00:04:10.480><c> able</c><00:04:10.640><c> to</c>

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same decision and that we'll be able to
 

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same decision and that we'll be able to
make<00:04:10.840><c> a</c><00:04:10.959><c> decision</c><00:04:11.200><c> in</c><00:04:11.319><c> a</c><00:04:11.439><c> finite</c><00:04:11.760><c> amount</c><00:04:11.920><c> of</c>

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make a decision in a finite amount of
 

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make a decision in a finite amount of
time<00:04:12.640><c> and</c><00:04:12.760><c> and</c><00:04:12.879><c> the</c><00:04:13.000><c> reason</c><00:04:13.200><c> for</c><00:04:13.439><c> this</c><00:04:14.040><c> uh</c>

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time and and the reason for this uh
 

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time and and the reason for this uh
we're<00:04:14.439><c> we're</c><00:04:14.599><c> going</c><00:04:14.720><c> to</c><00:04:15.360><c> we're</c><00:04:15.640><c> going</c><00:04:15.720><c> to</c><00:04:15.920><c> see</c>

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we're we're going to we're going to see
 

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we're we're going to we're going to see
through<00:04:16.880><c> the</c><00:04:17.000><c> course</c><00:04:17.199><c> of</c><00:04:17.320><c> this</c><00:04:17.560><c> of</c><00:04:17.799><c> of</c><00:04:17.919><c> this</c>

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through the course of this of of this
 

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through the course of this of of this
talk<00:04:19.479><c> um</c><00:04:20.479><c> uh</c><00:04:20.759><c> but</c><00:04:21.040><c> but</c><00:04:21.239><c> this</c><00:04:21.519><c> this</c><00:04:21.680><c> kind</c><00:04:21.799><c> of</c>

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talk um uh but but this this kind of
 

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talk um uh but but this this kind of
gets<00:04:22.320><c> at</c><00:04:22.479><c> the</c><00:04:22.600><c> point</c><00:04:22.840><c> that</c><00:04:23.000><c> a</c><00:04:23.160><c> syn</c><00:04:23.680><c> a</c>

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gets at the point that a syn a
 

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gets at the point that a syn a
synchronous<00:04:24.280><c> consensus</c><00:04:25.280><c> is</c><00:04:25.440><c> really</c>

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synchronous consensus is really
 

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synchronous consensus is really
challenging<00:04:26.320><c> because</c><00:04:27.160><c> um</c><00:04:27.639><c> the</c><00:04:27.919><c> the</c><00:04:28.080><c> lack</c><00:04:28.320><c> of</c>

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challenging because um the the lack of
 

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challenging because um the the lack of
network<00:04:29.080><c> assumptions</c><00:04:29.880><c> makes</c><00:04:30.080><c> it</c><00:04:30.280><c> really</c><00:04:30.479><c> hard</c>

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network assumptions makes it really hard
 

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network assumptions makes it really hard
for<00:04:30.800><c> us</c><00:04:30.919><c> to</c><00:04:31.160><c> justify</c><00:04:31.919><c> why</c><00:04:32.199><c> the</c><00:04:32.360><c> protocol</c><00:04:32.840><c> would</c>

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for us to justify why the protocol would
 

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for us to justify why the protocol would
move<00:04:33.360><c> forward</c><00:04:33.840><c> from</c><00:04:34.039><c> a</c><00:04:34.600><c> state</c><00:04:35.000><c> where</c><00:04:35.759><c> we</c><00:04:35.919><c> don't</c>

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move forward from a state where we don't
 

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move forward from a state where we don't
know<00:04:36.560><c> what</c><00:04:36.680><c> to</c><00:04:36.880><c> decide</c><00:04:37.240><c> to</c><00:04:37.400><c> a</c><00:04:37.600><c> state</c><00:04:37.720><c> where</c><00:04:37.880><c> we</c>

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know what to decide to a state where we
 

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know what to decide to a state where we
would<00:04:38.160><c> know</c><00:04:38.360><c> how</c><00:04:38.440><c> to</c><00:04:38.639><c> decide</c><00:04:39.000><c> there</c><00:04:39.160><c> needed</c><00:04:39.400><c> to</c>

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would know how to decide there needed to
 

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would know how to decide there needed to
be<00:04:39.639><c> some</c><00:04:39.840><c> messages</c><00:04:40.320><c> that</c><00:04:40.440><c> flow</c><00:04:41.320><c> that</c><00:04:41.520><c> H</c><00:04:41.840><c> uh</c><00:04:42.000><c> for</c>

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be some messages that flow that H uh for
 

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be some messages that flow that H uh for
that<00:04:42.320><c> to</c><00:04:42.479><c> happen</c><00:04:43.120><c> but</c><00:04:43.400><c> if</c><00:04:44.400><c> uh</c><00:04:44.680><c> some</c><00:04:44.919><c> messages</c>

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that to happen but if uh some messages
 

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that to happen but if uh some messages
might<00:04:45.759><c> not</c><00:04:46.039><c> actually</c><00:04:46.440><c> make</c><00:04:46.680><c> it</c><00:04:47.400><c> then</c><00:04:47.880><c> we</c><00:04:48.000><c> can</c>

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might not actually make it then we can
 

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might not actually make it then we can
show<00:04:48.400><c> that</c><00:04:48.600><c> actually</c><00:04:49.199><c> we</c><00:04:49.320><c> can't</c><00:04:49.560><c> prove</c><00:04:49.919><c> that</c>

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show that actually we can't prove that
 

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show that actually we can't prove that
that<00:04:50.919><c> there's</c><00:04:51.120><c> a</c><00:04:51.280><c> guarantee</c><00:04:51.759><c> that</c><00:04:51.880><c> in</c><00:04:52.000><c> a</c>

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that there's a guarantee that in a
 

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that there's a guarantee that in a
finite<00:04:52.440><c> amount</c><00:04:52.639><c> of</c><00:04:52.800><c> time</c><00:04:53.520><c> uh</c><00:04:53.759><c> this</c><00:04:53.919><c> kind</c><00:04:54.039><c> of</c>

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finite amount of time uh this kind of
 

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finite amount of time uh this kind of
decision<00:04:55.280><c> will</c><00:04:55.440><c> be</c><00:04:55.600><c> made</c><00:04:56.240><c> safely</c><00:04:57.240><c> uh</c><00:04:57.919><c> and</c><00:04:58.039><c> now</c>

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decision will be made safely uh and now
 

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decision will be made safely uh and now
we<00:04:58.360><c> just</c><00:04:58.520><c> talk</c><00:04:58.639><c> a</c><00:04:58.720><c> little</c><00:04:58.840><c> bit</c><00:04:58.960><c> about</c>

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we just talk a little bit about
 

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we just talk a little bit about
Byzantine<00:04:59.400><c> fall</c><00:04:59.800><c> cont</c><00:05:00.199><c> Byzantine</c><00:05:00.600><c> faults</c>

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Byzantine fall cont Byzantine faults
 

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Byzantine fall cont Byzantine faults
you've<00:05:01.720><c> probably</c><00:05:01.919><c> heard</c><00:05:02.080><c> of</c><00:05:02.199><c> Byzantine</c><00:05:02.560><c> fault</c>

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you've probably heard of Byzantine fault
 

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you've probably heard of Byzantine fault
tolerance<00:05:03.759><c> um</c><00:05:04.039><c> it's</c><00:05:04.160><c> all</c><00:05:04.320><c> the</c><00:05:04.479><c> rage</c><00:05:04.880><c> these</c>

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tolerance um it's all the rage these
 

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tolerance um it's all the rage these
days<00:05:06.240><c> uh</c><00:05:06.720><c> any</c><00:05:07.600><c> basically</c><00:05:08.120><c> normally</c><00:05:08.440><c> what</c><00:05:08.520><c> we</c>

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days uh any basically normally what we
 

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days uh any basically normally what we
say<00:05:08.759><c> is</c><00:05:08.840><c> that</c><00:05:08.960><c> any</c><00:05:09.120><c> node</c><00:05:09.400><c> that</c><00:05:09.520><c> isn't</c>

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say is that any node that isn't
 

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say is that any node that isn't
following<00:05:10.160><c> the</c><00:05:10.320><c> protocol</c><00:05:11.160><c> is</c><00:05:11.759><c> Byzantine</c><00:05:12.759><c> uh</c>

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following the protocol is Byzantine uh
 

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following the protocol is Byzantine uh
and<00:05:13.800><c> we</c><00:05:13.919><c> normally</c><00:05:14.199><c> also</c><00:05:14.400><c> say</c><00:05:14.560><c> that</c><00:05:14.639><c> nods</c>

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and we normally also say that nods
 

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and we normally also say that nods
behave<00:05:15.240><c> in</c><00:05:15.400><c> arbitrary</c>

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behave in arbitrary
 

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behave in arbitrary
ways<00:05:17.759><c> um</c><00:05:18.240><c> we</c><00:05:18.400><c> also</c><00:05:18.600><c> have</c><00:05:18.759><c> results</c><00:05:19.160><c> that</c>

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ways um we also have results that
 

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ways um we also have results that
basically<00:05:19.919><c> kind</c><00:05:20.039><c> of</c><00:05:20.199><c> also</c><00:05:20.440><c> say</c><00:05:20.680><c> that</c><00:05:20.800><c> this</c><00:05:20.919><c> is</c>

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basically kind of also say that this is
 

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basically kind of also say that this is
kind<00:05:21.240><c> of</c><00:05:21.440><c> hard</c><00:05:21.680><c> stuff</c><00:05:21.960><c> like</c><00:05:22.199><c> B</c><00:05:22.520><c> there's</c><00:05:22.639><c> are</c>

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kind of hard stuff like B there's are
 

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kind of hard stuff like B there's are
like<00:05:23.039><c> limits</c><00:05:23.360><c> to</c><00:05:23.560><c> what</c><00:05:23.680><c> can</c><00:05:23.800><c> be</c><00:05:23.919><c> done</c><00:05:24.440><c> normally</c>

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like limits to what can be done normally
 

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like limits to what can be done normally
there's<00:05:25.639><c> like</c><00:05:25.759><c> two</c><00:05:25.960><c> results</c><00:05:26.280><c> one</c><00:05:26.360><c> of</c><00:05:26.440><c> them</c><00:05:26.520><c> is</c>

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there's like two results one of them is
 

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there's like two results one of them is
that<00:05:26.680><c> in</c><00:05:26.759><c> an</c><00:05:26.840><c> asynchronous</c><00:05:27.440><c> Network</c><00:05:27.759><c> you</c>

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that in an asynchronous Network you
 

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that in an asynchronous Network you
can't<00:05:28.199><c> have</c><00:05:28.759><c> more</c><00:05:28.960><c> than</c><00:05:29.120><c> a</c><00:05:29.199><c> third</c>

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can't have more than a third
 

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can't have more than a third
Byzantine<00:05:30.560><c> fault</c><00:05:30.800><c> tolerance</c><00:05:31.800><c> and</c><00:05:32.080><c> in</c><00:05:32.280><c> a</c><00:05:32.720><c> in</c>

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Byzantine fault tolerance and in a in
 

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Byzantine fault tolerance and in a in
you<00:05:33.560><c> know</c><00:05:33.840><c> where</c><00:05:34.039><c> you</c><00:05:34.240><c> have</c><00:05:34.680><c> like</c><00:05:35.080><c> safety</c>

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you know where you have like safety
 

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you know where you have like safety
right<00:05:35.800><c> where</c><00:05:36.039><c> I</c><00:05:36.160><c> we</c><00:05:36.280><c> have</c><00:05:36.400><c> this</c><00:05:36.600><c> property</c><00:05:36.960><c> that</c>

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right where I we have this property that
 

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right where I we have this property that
if<00:05:37.520><c> nodes</c><00:05:37.919><c> decide</c><00:05:38.280><c> they</c><00:05:38.400><c> will</c><00:05:38.520><c> all</c><00:05:38.720><c> decide</c><00:05:39.000><c> the</c>

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if nodes decide they will all decide the
 

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if nodes decide they will all decide the
same<00:05:39.319><c> thing</c><00:05:40.240><c> uh</c><00:05:40.479><c> and</c><00:05:41.080><c> we</c><00:05:41.160><c> have</c><00:05:41.240><c> a</c><00:05:41.319><c> similar</c>

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same thing uh and we have a similar
 

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same thing uh and we have a similar
result<00:05:41.800><c> for</c><00:05:41.960><c> synchronous</c><00:05:42.360><c> networks</c><00:05:42.759><c> where</c>

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result for synchronous networks where
 

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result for synchronous networks where
like<00:05:43.039><c> you</c><00:05:43.160><c> can't</c><00:05:43.360><c> tolerate</c><00:05:43.759><c> half</c><00:05:43.960><c> the</c><00:05:44.039><c> nodes</c>

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like you can't tolerate half the nodes
 

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like you can't tolerate half the nodes
being<00:05:44.479><c> faulty</c><00:05:45.199><c> and</c><00:05:45.600><c> also</c><00:05:45.960><c> have</c><00:05:46.400><c> all</c><00:05:46.560><c> the</c><00:05:46.680><c> nodes</c>

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being faulty and also have all the nodes
 

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being faulty and also have all the nodes
that<00:05:47.120><c> are</c><00:05:47.280><c> following</c><00:05:47.600><c> the</c><00:05:47.759><c> protocol</c><00:05:48.440><c> be</c>

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that are following the protocol be
 

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that are following the protocol be
guaranteed<00:05:49.000><c> to</c><00:05:49.080><c> make</c><00:05:49.240><c> the</c><00:05:49.319><c> same</c><00:05:49.720><c> decision</c><00:05:50.720><c> uh</c>

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guaranteed to make the same decision uh
 

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guaranteed to make the same decision uh
so<00:05:51.199><c> I'm</c><00:05:51.360><c> kind</c><00:05:51.479><c> of</c><00:05:51.639><c> just</c><00:05:51.800><c> asking</c><00:05:52.039><c> you</c><00:05:52.160><c> to</c><00:05:52.440><c> like</c>

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so I'm kind of just asking you to like
 

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so I'm kind of just asking you to like
accept<00:05:52.960><c> this</c><00:05:53.080><c> at</c><00:05:53.199><c> this</c><00:05:53.319><c> point</c><00:05:53.600><c> because</c><00:05:53.800><c> we've</c>

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accept this at this point because we've
 

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accept this at this point because we've
got<00:05:54.039><c> to</c><00:05:54.240><c> go</c><00:05:54.639><c> and</c><00:05:54.800><c> get</c><00:05:54.919><c> through</c><00:05:55.080><c> the</c><00:05:55.199><c> rest</c><00:05:55.319><c> of</c>

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got to go and get through the rest of
 

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got to go and get through the rest of
the<00:05:55.960><c> presentation</c><00:05:56.960><c> uh</c><00:05:57.479><c> so</c><00:05:58.120><c> so</c><00:05:58.479><c> so</c><00:05:58.639><c> now</c><00:05:58.759><c> I'm</c>

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the presentation uh so so so now I'm
 

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the presentation uh so so so now I'm
going<00:05:58.960><c> to</c><00:05:59.039><c> describe</c><00:05:59.520><c> basically</c><00:05:59.800><c> this</c><00:05:59.919><c> is</c><00:06:00.000><c> like</c>

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going to describe basically this is like
 

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going to describe basically this is like
correct<00:06:00.400><c> by</c><00:06:00.600><c> construction</c><00:06:01.120><c> approach</c><00:06:01.520><c> that</c>

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correct by construction approach that
 

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correct by construction approach that
I'm<00:06:02.160><c> that</c><00:06:02.280><c> I've</c><00:06:02.400><c> been</c><00:06:02.560><c> taking</c><00:06:02.919><c> for</c><00:06:03.720><c> uh</c><00:06:03.800><c> my</c>

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I'm that I've been taking for uh my
 

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I'm that I've been taking for uh my
Casper<00:06:04.280><c> research</c><00:06:04.600><c> especially</c><00:06:04.880><c> in</c><00:06:04.960><c> the</c><00:06:05.080><c> last</c>

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Casper research especially in the last
 

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Casper research especially in the last
couple<00:06:05.440><c> of</c><00:06:05.880><c> months</c><00:06:06.880><c> uh</c><00:06:07.360><c> basically</c><00:06:07.680><c> there's</c>

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couple of months uh basically there's
 

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couple of months uh basically there's
like<00:06:07.919><c> an</c><00:06:08.039><c> outline</c><00:06:08.440><c> and</c><00:06:08.520><c> then</c><00:06:08.639><c> I'm</c><00:06:08.720><c> going</c><00:06:08.800><c> to</c>

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like an outline and then I'm going to
 

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like an outline and then I'm going to
describe<00:06:09.240><c> my</c><00:06:09.400><c> data</c><00:06:09.639><c> structures</c><00:06:10.400><c> and</c><00:06:10.560><c> give</c>

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describe my data structures and give
 

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describe my data structures and give
some<00:06:11.039><c> definitions</c><00:06:12.039><c> and</c><00:06:12.160><c> then</c><00:06:12.360><c> give</c><00:06:12.560><c> the</c>

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some definitions and then give the
 

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some definitions and then give the
correct<00:06:13.080><c> by</c><00:06:13.240><c> construction</c><00:06:13.720><c> binary</c><00:06:14.599><c> uh</c>

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correct by construction binary uh
 

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correct by construction binary uh
decision<00:06:15.479><c> a</c><00:06:15.599><c> decision</c><00:06:15.960><c> thing</c><00:06:16.360><c> one</c><00:06:16.520><c> thing</c><00:06:16.639><c> I</c>

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decision a decision thing one thing I
 

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decision a decision thing one thing I
should<00:06:16.840><c> have</c><00:06:16.960><c> mentioned</c><00:06:17.240><c> at</c><00:06:17.319><c> the</c><00:06:17.440><c> top</c><00:06:17.599><c> of</c><00:06:17.680><c> the</c>

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should have mentioned at the top of the
 

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should have mentioned at the top of the
talk<00:06:18.479><c> is</c><00:06:18.599><c> that</c><00:06:18.800><c> like</c><00:06:18.960><c> the</c><00:06:19.120><c> the</c><00:06:19.240><c> title</c><00:06:19.520><c> of</c><00:06:19.599><c> my</c>

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talk is that like the the title of my
 

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talk is that like the the title of my
talk<00:06:19.919><c> is</c><00:06:20.039><c> like</c><00:06:20.199><c> slightly</c><00:06:20.599><c> different</c><00:06:20.880><c> than</c>

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talk is like slightly different than
 

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talk is like slightly different than
advertised<00:06:21.960><c> so</c><00:06:22.199><c> what</c><00:06:22.360><c> what</c><00:06:22.599><c> what</c><00:06:22.680><c> I'm</c><00:06:22.840><c> really</c>

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advertised so what what what I'm really
 

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advertised so what what what I'm really
going<00:06:23.080><c> to</c><00:06:23.160><c> be</c><00:06:23.280><c> presenting</c><00:06:23.639><c> is</c><00:06:23.759><c> a</c><00:06:23.880><c> correct</c><00:06:24.240><c> by</c>

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going to be presenting is a correct by
 

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going to be presenting is a correct by
Construction

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Construction
 

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Construction
asynchronous<00:06:27.080><c> Casper</c><00:06:27.479><c> consensus</c><00:06:27.919><c> protocol</c>

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asynchronous Casper consensus protocol
 

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asynchronous Casper consensus protocol
that<00:06:29.000><c> agrees</c><00:06:29.560><c> on</c><00:06:29.639><c> a</c><00:06:29.759><c> bit</c><00:06:30.039><c> so</c><00:06:30.199><c> like</c><00:06:30.319><c> it</c><00:06:30.400><c> agrees</c>

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that agrees on a bit so like it agrees
 

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that agrees on a bit so like it agrees
on<00:06:30.840><c> like</c><00:06:31.080><c> zero</c><00:06:31.400><c> or</c><00:06:31.919><c> one</c><00:06:32.919><c> uh</c><00:06:33.360><c> and</c><00:06:33.520><c> it's</c><00:06:33.919><c> and</c><00:06:34.000><c> it's</c>

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on like zero or one uh and it's and it's
 

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on like zero or one uh and it's and it's
going<00:06:34.199><c> to</c><00:06:34.280><c> be</c><00:06:34.360><c> Byzantine</c><00:06:34.759><c> fault</c><00:06:35.000><c> tolerant</c><00:06:35.520><c> and</c>

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going to be Byzantine fault tolerant and
 

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going to be Byzantine fault tolerant and
and<00:06:36.680><c> correct</c><00:06:36.960><c> by</c><00:06:37.080><c> construction</c><00:06:37.479><c> so</c><00:06:37.639><c> no</c><00:06:37.919><c> no</c>

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and correct by construction so no no
 

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and correct by construction so no no
network<00:06:38.400><c> assumptions</c><00:06:38.960><c> we</c><00:06:39.039><c> can</c><00:06:39.199><c> tolerate</c><00:06:39.680><c> like</c>

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network assumptions we can tolerate like
 

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network assumptions we can tolerate like
Byzantine<00:06:40.520><c> Behavior</c><00:06:41.440><c> Uh</c><00:06:41.560><c> but</c><00:06:41.680><c> we</c><00:06:41.800><c> only</c><00:06:42.080><c> we</c>

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Byzantine Behavior Uh but we only we
 

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Byzantine Behavior Uh but we only we
only<00:06:42.360><c> agree</c><00:06:42.639><c> on</c><00:06:42.759><c> a</c><00:06:43.080><c> bit</c>

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only agree on a bit
 

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only agree on a bit
um<00:06:45.599><c> and</c><00:06:45.800><c> still</c><00:06:46.160><c> I</c><00:06:46.240><c> think</c><00:06:46.400><c> that's</c><00:06:46.599><c> worth</c>

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um and still I think that's worth
 

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um and still I think that's worth
presenting<00:06:48.080><c> uh</c><00:06:48.759><c> so</c><00:06:49.639><c> basically</c><00:06:50.599><c> so</c><00:06:50.759><c> here's</c>

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presenting uh so basically so here's
 

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presenting uh so basically so here's
kind<00:06:51.039><c> of</c><00:06:51.199><c> the</c><00:06:51.680><c> the</c><00:06:51.840><c> approach</c><00:06:52.160><c> that</c><00:06:52.280><c> I'm</c><00:06:52.440><c> taking</c>

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kind of the the approach that I'm taking
 

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kind of the the approach that I'm taking
um<00:06:53.840><c> rather</c><00:06:54.080><c> than</c><00:06:54.280><c> thinking</c><00:06:54.560><c> about</c><00:06:54.800><c> the</c><00:06:54.960><c> safety</c>

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um rather than thinking about the safety
 

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um rather than thinking about the safety
of<00:06:55.520><c> decisions</c><00:06:56.520><c> I'm</c><00:06:56.720><c> I'm</c><00:06:56.800><c> going</c><00:06:56.919><c> to</c><00:06:57.039><c> I'm</c><00:06:57.120><c> going</c>

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of decisions I'm I'm going to I'm going
 

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of decisions I'm I'm going to I'm going
to<00:06:57.360><c> think</c><00:06:57.520><c> about</c><00:06:57.759><c> estimates</c><00:06:58.319><c> right</c><00:06:58.639><c> so</c>

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to think about estimates right so
 

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to think about estimates right so
estimates<00:06:59.440><c> are</c><00:06:59.639><c> these</c><00:06:59.879><c> things</c><00:07:00.120><c> that</c><00:07:00.280><c> kind</c><00:07:00.400><c> of</c>

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estimates are these things that kind of
 

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estimates are these things that kind of
uh<00:07:01.319><c> are</c><00:07:01.599><c> sometimes</c><00:07:01.800><c> defined</c><00:07:02.160><c> in</c><00:07:02.240><c> some</c>

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uh are sometimes defined in some
 

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uh are sometimes defined in some
consensus<00:07:02.720><c> protocols</c><00:07:03.080><c> but</c><00:07:03.160><c> are</c><00:07:03.280><c> always</c>

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consensus protocols but are always
 

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consensus protocols but are always
defined<00:07:03.800><c> really</c><00:07:03.960><c> in</c><00:07:04.080><c> like</c><00:07:04.199><c> the</c><00:07:04.280><c> blockchain</c>

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defined really in like the blockchain
 

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defined really in like the blockchain
world<00:07:05.120><c> an</c><00:07:05.240><c> estimate</c><00:07:05.639><c> is</c><00:07:05.759><c> like</c><00:07:05.840><c> a</c><00:07:06.000><c> non-f</c>

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world an estimate is like a non-f
 

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world an estimate is like a non-f
finalized<00:07:06.879><c> decision</c><00:07:07.280><c> it's</c><00:07:07.440><c> like</c><00:07:07.560><c> a</c><00:07:08.080><c> uh</c><00:07:08.919><c> it's</c>

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finalized decision it's like a uh it's
 

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finalized decision it's like a uh it's
like<00:07:09.160><c> a</c><00:07:09.599><c> a</c><00:07:09.759><c> proposal</c><00:07:10.160><c> for</c><00:07:10.319><c> a</c><00:07:10.440><c> decision</c><00:07:10.840><c> like</c>

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like a a proposal for a decision like
 

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like a a proposal for a decision like
when<00:07:11.400><c> we</c><00:07:11.560><c> talk</c><00:07:11.759><c> about</c><00:07:12.120><c> traditional</c><00:07:12.479><c> consensus</c>

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when we talk about traditional consensus
 

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when we talk about traditional consensus
protocols<00:07:13.319><c> all</c><00:07:13.440><c> of</c><00:07:13.599><c> the</c><00:07:13.759><c> decisions</c><00:07:14.160><c> that</c>

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protocols all of the decisions that
 

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protocols all of the decisions that
we're<00:07:14.400><c> talking</c><00:07:14.639><c> about</c><00:07:15.120><c> are</c><00:07:15.720><c> like</c><00:07:16.080><c> what</c><00:07:16.240><c> we</c>

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we're talking about are like what we
 

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we're talking about are like what we
call<00:07:16.599><c> in</c><00:07:16.759><c> blockchain</c><00:07:17.160><c> World</c><00:07:17.520><c> finality</c><00:07:18.240><c> right</c>

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call in blockchain World finality right
 

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call in blockchain World finality right
like<00:07:18.599><c> finalized</c><00:07:19.199><c> decisions</c><00:07:19.599><c> that</c><00:07:19.720><c> will</c><00:07:19.879><c> never</c>

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like finalized decisions that will never
 

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like finalized decisions that will never
get<00:07:20.240><c> reverted</c><00:07:20.720><c> where</c><00:07:20.840><c> these</c><00:07:21.000><c> nodes</c><00:07:21.319><c> like</c>

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get reverted where these nodes like
 

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get reverted where these nodes like
commit<00:07:21.840><c> to</c><00:07:22.039><c> this</c><00:07:22.240><c> value</c><00:07:22.879><c> and</c><00:07:23.000><c> will'll</c><00:07:23.199><c> never</c>

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commit to this value and will'll never
 

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commit to this value and will'll never
ever<00:07:23.720><c> ever</c><00:07:23.919><c> change</c><00:07:24.199><c> their</c><00:07:24.400><c> minds</c><00:07:24.919><c> because</c>

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ever ever change their minds because
 

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ever ever change their minds because
like<00:07:25.360><c> that's</c><00:07:25.479><c> what</c><00:07:25.599><c> the</c><00:07:25.720><c> protocol</c><00:07:26.120><c> says</c><00:07:26.680><c> and</c>

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like that's what the protocol says and
 

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like that's what the protocol says and
like<00:07:27.160><c> that's</c><00:07:27.319><c> the</c><00:07:27.479><c> definition</c><00:07:27.840><c> of</c><00:07:28.039><c> consensus</c>

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like that's the definition of consensus
 

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like that's the definition of consensus
oh<00:07:29.000><c> my</c><00:07:29.120><c> God</c><00:07:29.440><c> we're</c><00:07:29.599><c> running</c><00:07:29.800><c> out</c><00:07:29.919><c> of</c><00:07:30.080><c> time</c><00:07:30.360><c> so</c>

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oh my God we're running out of time so
 

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oh my God we're running out of time so
we<00:07:30.599><c> use</c><00:07:30.800><c> estimates</c><00:07:31.680><c> and</c><00:07:32.440><c> uh</c><00:07:32.800><c> you</c><00:07:32.919><c> know</c><00:07:33.400><c> so</c><00:07:33.599><c> we</c>

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we use estimates and uh you know so we
 

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we use estimates and uh you know so we
and<00:07:34.879><c> and</c><00:07:34.960><c> they</c><00:07:35.039><c> mean</c><00:07:35.240><c> finality</c><00:07:35.680><c> so</c><00:07:35.800><c> basically</c>

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and and they mean finality so basically
 

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and and they mean finality so basically
we're<00:07:36.160><c> going</c><00:07:36.240><c> to</c><00:07:36.400><c> Define</c><00:07:37.160><c> uh</c><00:07:37.919><c> a</c><00:07:38.039><c> notion</c><00:07:38.280><c> of</c>

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we're going to Define uh a notion of
 

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we're going to Define uh a notion of
safety<00:07:38.759><c> on</c><00:07:38.960><c> estimates</c><00:07:39.800><c> b</c><00:07:40.080><c> b</c><00:07:40.479><c> and</c><00:07:40.919><c> and</c>

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safety on estimates b b and and
 

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safety on estimates b b and and
basically<00:07:41.599><c> what</c><00:07:41.720><c> we're</c><00:07:41.840><c> going</c><00:07:41.919><c> to</c><00:07:42.039><c> do</c><00:07:42.199><c> is</c><00:07:42.599><c> try</c>

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basically what we're going to do is try
 

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basically what we're going to do is try
to<00:07:43.520><c> and</c><00:07:43.599><c> we're</c><00:07:43.720><c> going</c><00:07:43.840><c> to</c><00:07:44.560><c> construct</c><00:07:44.919><c> an</c>

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to and we're going to construct an
 

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to and we're going to construct an
adversary<00:07:46.199><c> which</c><00:07:46.360><c> will</c><00:07:46.599><c> try</c><00:07:46.800><c> to</c><00:07:47.000><c> change</c><00:07:47.400><c> an</c>

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adversary which will try to change an
 

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adversary which will try to change an
estimate<00:07:48.080><c> for</c><00:07:48.240><c> a</c><00:07:48.440><c> particular</c><00:07:49.000><c> node</c><00:07:49.400><c> with</c><00:07:49.520><c> a</c>

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estimate for a particular node with a
 

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estimate for a particular node with a
particular<00:07:49.960><c> view</c><00:07:50.199><c> who</c><00:07:50.280><c> has</c><00:07:50.400><c> an</c><00:07:50.520><c> estimate</c><00:07:51.199><c> uh</c>

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particular view who has an estimate uh
 

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particular view who has an estimate uh
in<00:07:51.400><c> order</c><00:07:51.759><c> and</c><00:07:51.919><c> if</c><00:07:52.080><c> that</c><00:07:52.240><c> adversary</c><00:07:52.919><c> succeeds</c>

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in order and if that adversary succeeds
 

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in order and if that adversary succeeds
then<00:07:54.319><c> that</c><00:07:54.520><c> estimate</c><00:07:54.960><c> will</c><00:07:55.159><c> be</c><00:07:55.800><c> uh</c><00:07:56.680><c> be</c><00:07:56.879><c> unsafe</c>

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then that estimate will be uh be unsafe
 

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then that estimate will be uh be unsafe
because<00:07:58.000><c> in</c><00:07:58.159><c> that</c><00:07:58.360><c> particular</c><00:07:59.159><c> uh</c><00:07:59.440><c> Network</c>

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because in that particular uh Network
 

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because in that particular uh Network
context<00:08:00.400><c> for</c><00:08:00.560><c> example</c><00:08:01.440><c> uh</c><00:08:01.560><c> it's</c><00:08:01.879><c> possible</c><00:08:02.199><c> for</c>

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context for example uh it's possible for
 

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context for example uh it's possible for
that<00:08:02.560><c> estimate</c><00:08:02.919><c> to</c><00:08:03.159><c> change</c><00:08:04.159><c> uh</c><00:08:05.039><c> and</c><00:08:05.240><c> and</c><00:08:05.400><c> and</c>

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that estimate to change uh and and and
 

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that estimate to change uh and and and
basically<00:08:06.560><c> um</c><00:08:07.560><c> uh</c><00:08:07.759><c> the</c><00:08:08.120><c> the</c><00:08:08.240><c> reason</c><00:08:08.520><c> why</c><00:08:08.599><c> we're</c>

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basically um uh the the reason why we're
 

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basically um uh the the reason why we're
doing<00:08:09.159><c> this</c><00:08:09.319><c> is</c><00:08:09.520><c> because</c><00:08:09.840><c> an</c><00:08:10.000><c> estimate</c><00:08:10.360><c> is</c>

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doing this is because an estimate is
 

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doing this is because an estimate is
kind<00:08:10.639><c> of</c><00:08:10.720><c> a</c><00:08:10.879><c> very</c><00:08:11.159><c> P</c><00:08:11.520><c> personal</c><00:08:12.039><c> thing</c><00:08:12.680><c> whereas</c>

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kind of a very P personal thing whereas
 

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kind of a very P personal thing whereas
the<00:08:13.360><c> sa</c><00:08:13.879><c> and</c><00:08:14.000><c> the</c><00:08:14.120><c> safety</c><00:08:14.440><c> of</c><00:08:14.560><c> an</c><00:08:14.680><c> estimate</c>

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the sa and the safety of an estimate
 

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the sa and the safety of an estimate
meaning<00:08:15.400><c> like</c><00:08:15.720><c> oh</c><00:08:15.879><c> my</c><00:08:16.000><c> estimate</c><00:08:16.400><c> can't</c><00:08:16.599><c> change</c>

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meaning like oh my estimate can't change
 

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meaning like oh my estimate can't change
is<00:08:17.319><c> a</c><00:08:17.680><c> is</c><00:08:17.919><c> it's</c><00:08:18.159><c> much</c><00:08:18.360><c> easier</c><00:08:18.599><c> to</c><00:08:18.759><c> determine</c><00:08:19.120><c> on</c>

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is a is it's much easier to determine on
 

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is a is it's much easier to determine on
a<00:08:19.360><c> local</c><00:08:19.680><c> view</c><00:08:20.199><c> than</c><00:08:20.360><c> the</c><00:08:20.479><c> safety</c><00:08:20.840><c> of</c><00:08:21.039><c> a</c>

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a local view than the safety of a
 

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a local view than the safety of a
consensus<00:08:21.680><c> protocol</c><00:08:22.080><c> which</c><00:08:22.199><c> has</c><00:08:22.319><c> to</c><00:08:22.440><c> do</c><00:08:22.639><c> with</c>

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consensus protocol which has to do with
 

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consensus protocol which has to do with
the<00:08:23.360><c> decisions</c><00:08:23.759><c> that</c><00:08:23.960><c> different</c><00:08:24.159><c> nodes</c><00:08:24.479><c> make</c>

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the decisions that different nodes make
 

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the decisions that different nodes make
across<00:08:24.960><c> the</c><00:08:25.280><c> network</c><00:08:26.280><c> um</c><00:08:27.120><c> and</c><00:08:27.240><c> so</c><00:08:27.360><c> I</c><00:08:27.440><c> think</c>

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across the network um and so I think
 

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across the network um and so I think
it's<00:08:27.639><c> just</c><00:08:27.759><c> easier</c><00:08:28.000><c> to</c><00:08:28.120><c> reason</c><00:08:28.440><c> about</c><00:08:29.000><c> so</c><00:08:29.599><c> and</c>

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it's just easier to reason about so and
 

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it's just easier to reason about so and
and<00:08:29.879><c> if</c><00:08:30.000><c> we</c><00:08:30.159><c> have</c><00:08:30.280><c> this</c><00:08:30.440><c> result</c><00:08:30.840><c> which</c><00:08:31.120><c> you</c>

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and if we have this result which you
 

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and if we have this result which you
know<00:08:31.440><c> I'm</c><00:08:31.560><c> going</c><00:08:31.639><c> to</c><00:08:31.759><c> show</c><00:08:31.960><c> that</c><00:08:32.080><c> we</c><00:08:32.159><c> do</c><00:08:32.440><c> or</c><00:08:32.959><c> I</c>

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know I'm going to show that we do or I
 

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know I'm going to show that we do or I
may<00:08:33.519><c> I'll</c><00:08:33.640><c> show</c><00:08:33.880><c> somewhere</c><00:08:34.240><c> that</c><00:08:34.320><c> we</c><00:08:34.440><c> do</c><00:08:34.719><c> even</c>

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may I'll show somewhere that we do even
 

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may I'll show somewhere that we do even
if<00:08:35.000><c> I</c><00:08:35.080><c> don't</c><00:08:35.200><c> show</c><00:08:35.360><c> you</c><00:08:35.519><c> today</c><00:08:36.279><c> uh</c><00:08:36.399><c> that</c><00:08:36.519><c> if</c>

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if I don't show you today uh that if
 

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if I don't show you today uh that if
nodes<00:08:37.240><c> calculate</c><00:08:37.599><c> that</c><00:08:37.680><c> their</c><00:08:37.839><c> estimates</c><00:08:38.159><c> are</c>

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nodes calculate that their estimates are
 

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nodes calculate that their estimates are
safe<00:08:39.599><c> uh</c><00:08:40.039><c> then</c><00:08:40.200><c> they</c><00:08:40.399><c> both</c><00:08:40.560><c> will</c><00:08:40.680><c> have</c><00:08:40.839><c> the</c>

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safe uh then they both will have the
 

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safe uh then they both will have the
same

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same
 

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same
estimate<00:08:42.839><c> um</c><00:08:43.839><c> so</c><00:08:44.839><c> and</c><00:08:45.080><c> and</c><00:08:45.240><c> this</c><00:08:45.360><c> is</c><00:08:45.480><c> actually</c>

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estimate um so and and this is actually
 

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estimate um so and and this is actually
going<00:08:45.760><c> to</c><00:08:45.920><c> guarantee</c><00:08:46.320><c> our</c><00:08:46.640><c> correct</c><00:08:46.920><c> decision</c>

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going to guarantee our correct decision
 

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going to guarantee our correct decision
rule<00:08:47.519><c> basically</c><00:08:47.800><c> nodes</c><00:08:48.080><c> are</c><00:08:48.200><c> going</c><00:08:48.279><c> to</c>

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rule basically nodes are going to
 

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rule basically nodes are going to
calculate<00:08:48.959><c> if</c><00:08:49.040><c> the</c><00:08:49.160><c> estimate</c><00:08:49.480><c> is</c><00:08:49.560><c> safe</c><00:08:49.760><c> and</c><00:08:49.880><c> if</c>

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calculate if the estimate is safe and if
 

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calculate if the estimate is safe and if
it's<00:08:50.120><c> safe</c><00:08:50.360><c> then</c><00:08:50.480><c> they</c><00:08:50.600><c> can</c><00:08:50.760><c> decide</c><00:08:51.519><c> and</c>

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it's safe then they can decide and
 

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it's safe then they can decide and
that's<00:08:51.959><c> going</c><00:08:52.080><c> to</c><00:08:52.160><c> be</c><00:08:52.320><c> like</c><00:08:52.440><c> the</c><00:08:52.560><c> correct</c><00:08:52.800><c> by</c>

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that's going to be like the correct by
 

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that's going to be like the correct by
construction<00:08:53.440><c> approach</c><00:08:54.240><c> where</c><00:08:54.880><c> uh</c><00:08:55.080><c> the</c><00:08:55.440><c> the</c>

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construction approach where uh the the
 

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construction approach where uh the the
the<00:08:56.160><c> decisions</c><00:08:56.640><c> are</c><00:08:56.880><c> all</c><00:08:57.120><c> going</c><00:08:57.200><c> to</c><00:08:57.360><c> be</c><00:08:57.680><c> the</c>

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the decisions are all going to be the
 

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the decisions are all going to be the
same<00:08:58.320><c> I.E</c><00:08:58.640><c> we're</c><00:08:58.720><c> going</c><00:08:58.800><c> to</c><00:08:58.880><c> have</c><00:08:58.959><c> SA</c><00:08:59.200><c> safety</c>

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same I.E we're going to have SA safety
 

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same I.E we're going to have SA safety
because<00:09:00.040><c> the</c><00:09:00.200><c> only</c><00:09:00.440><c> time</c><00:09:00.600><c> when</c><00:09:00.760><c> people</c><00:09:00.920><c> are</c>

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because the only time when people are
 

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because the only time when people are
going<00:09:01.120><c> to</c><00:09:01.320><c> decide</c><00:09:01.839><c> is</c><00:09:02.000><c> after</c><00:09:02.200><c> they've</c><00:09:02.399><c> run</c>

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going to decide is after they've run
 

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going to decide is after they've run
this<00:09:02.760><c> ideal</c><00:09:03.079><c> adversary</c><00:09:03.640><c> and</c><00:09:03.839><c> saw</c><00:09:04.120><c> that</c><00:09:04.279><c> their</c>

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this ideal adversary and saw that their
 

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this ideal adversary and saw that their
estimate<00:09:04.800><c> can't</c><00:09:04.959><c> be</c><00:09:05.079><c> changed</c><00:09:05.680><c> and</c><00:09:05.760><c> if</c><00:09:05.920><c> like</c><00:09:06.079><c> my</c>

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estimate can't be changed and if like my
 

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estimate can't be changed and if like my
estimate<00:09:06.640><c> can't</c><00:09:06.760><c> be</c><00:09:06.880><c> changed</c><00:09:07.640><c> then</c><00:09:07.880><c> I'm</c><00:09:08.079><c> like</c>

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estimate can't be changed then I'm like
 

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estimate can't be changed then I'm like
it's<00:09:08.360><c> cool</c><00:09:08.560><c> for</c><00:09:08.680><c> me</c><00:09:08.800><c> to</c><00:09:08.920><c> make</c><00:09:09.120><c> this</c><00:09:09.279><c> decision</c>

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it's cool for me to make this decision
 

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it's cool for me to make this decision
because<00:09:09.880><c> I</c><00:09:10.120><c> know</c><00:09:11.120><c> uh</c><00:09:11.680><c> that</c><00:09:12.399><c> that</c><00:09:12.560><c> that'll</c><00:09:12.760><c> be</c>

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because I know uh that that that'll be
 

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because I know uh that that that'll be
fine<00:09:13.600><c> so</c><00:09:14.040><c> now</c><00:09:14.240><c> let's</c><00:09:14.440><c> go</c><00:09:14.640><c> into</c><00:09:15.040><c> like</c><00:09:15.360><c> the</c><00:09:15.519><c> real</c>

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fine so now let's go into like the real
 

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fine so now let's go into like the real
like<00:09:16.040><c> kind</c><00:09:16.120><c> of</c><00:09:16.240><c> formal</c><00:09:16.640><c> model</c><00:09:17.000><c> and</c><00:09:17.120><c> like</c><00:09:17.279><c> the</c>

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like kind of formal model and like the
 

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like kind of formal model and like the
technical<00:09:17.959><c> kind</c><00:09:18.079><c> of</c><00:09:18.160><c> more</c><00:09:18.399><c> the</c><00:09:18.480><c> more</c>

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technical kind of more the more
 

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technical kind of more the more
technical<00:09:19.000><c> part</c><00:09:19.120><c> of</c><00:09:19.240><c> the</c><00:09:19.360><c> talk</c><00:09:20.160><c> so</c><00:09:20.880><c> basically</c>

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technical part of the talk so basically
 

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technical part of the talk so basically
um<00:09:22.399><c> this</c><00:09:22.519><c> is</c><00:09:22.680><c> the</c><00:09:22.800><c> main</c><00:09:23.160><c> data</c><00:09:23.320><c> structure</c><00:09:23.600><c> that</c>

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um this is the main data structure that
 

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um this is the main data structure that
we're<00:09:23.760><c> going</c><00:09:23.839><c> to</c><00:09:23.920><c> be</c><00:09:24.000><c> dealing</c><00:09:24.279><c> with</c><00:09:24.519><c> these</c>

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we're going to be dealing with these
 

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we're going to be dealing with these
bets<00:09:25.360><c> are</c><00:09:25.880><c> they</c><00:09:26.040><c> have</c><00:09:26.279><c> three</c><00:09:26.560><c> things</c><00:09:27.000><c> an</c>

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bets are they have three things an
 

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bets are they have three things an
estimate<00:09:27.560><c> a</c><00:09:27.720><c> justification</c><00:09:28.399><c> and</c><00:09:28.519><c> a</c><00:09:28.640><c> sender</c>

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estimate a justification and a sender
 

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estimate a justification and a sender
the<00:09:29.519><c> estimate</c><00:09:29.920><c> is</c><00:09:30.079><c> basically</c><00:09:30.480><c> a</c><00:09:30.600><c> bit</c><00:09:30.880><c> in</c><00:09:31.000><c> this</c>

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the estimate is basically a bit in this
 

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the estimate is basically a bit in this
case<00:09:31.360><c> because</c><00:09:31.480><c> we're</c><00:09:31.600><c> just</c><00:09:31.720><c> doing</c><00:09:31.959><c> binary</c>

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case because we're just doing binary
 

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case because we're just doing binary
consensus<00:09:33.240><c> the</c><00:09:33.360><c> justification</c><00:09:33.839><c> is</c><00:09:33.920><c> a</c><00:09:34.040><c> set</c><00:09:34.160><c> of</c>

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consensus the justification is a set of
 

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consensus the justification is a set of
bets<00:09:34.680><c> or</c><00:09:34.880><c> the</c><00:09:34.959><c> empty</c><00:09:35.279><c> set</c><00:09:36.040><c> and</c><00:09:36.320><c> the</c><00:09:37.000><c> uh</c><00:09:37.200><c> sender</c>

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bets or the empty set and the uh sender
 

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bets or the empty set and the uh sender
is<00:09:37.720><c> like</c><00:09:37.839><c> you</c><00:09:37.920><c> know</c><00:09:38.040><c> a</c><00:09:38.200><c> validator</c><00:09:39.160><c> so</c>

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is like you know a validator so
 

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is like you know a validator so
validators<00:09:39.880><c> are</c><00:09:40.200><c> some</c><00:09:40.640><c> fixed</c><00:09:40.920><c> set</c><00:09:41.200><c> they</c><00:09:41.320><c> have</c>

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validators are some fixed set they have
 

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validators are some fixed set they have
weights<00:09:42.000><c> the</c><00:09:42.120><c> weights</c><00:09:42.360><c> have</c><00:09:42.480><c> this</c>

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weights the weights have this
 

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weights the weights have this
tiebreaking<00:09:43.200><c> property</c><00:09:43.519><c> which</c><00:09:43.640><c> means</c><00:09:43.800><c> that</c>

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tiebreaking property which means that
 

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tiebreaking property which means that
any<00:09:44.079><c> two</c><00:09:44.320><c> subsets</c><00:09:44.720><c> of</c><00:09:44.839><c> the</c><00:09:44.959><c> validators</c><00:09:45.519><c> have</c>

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any two subsets of the validators have
 

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any two subsets of the validators have
different<00:09:46.000><c> weights</c><00:09:46.839><c> so</c><00:09:47.040><c> that</c><00:09:47.200><c> like</c><00:09:47.320><c> I</c><00:09:47.399><c> don't</c>

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different weights so that like I don't
 

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different weights so that like I don't
get<00:09:47.720><c> ties</c><00:09:48.240><c> ties</c><00:09:48.839><c> are</c><00:09:49.000><c> an</c><00:09:49.120><c> annoying</c><00:09:49.440><c> Edge</c><00:09:49.760><c> case</c>

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get ties ties are an annoying Edge case
 

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get ties ties are an annoying Edge case
um<00:09:51.399><c> so</c><00:09:51.959><c> we</c><00:09:52.079><c> have</c><00:09:52.160><c> this</c><00:09:52.279><c> other</c><00:09:52.440><c> data</c><00:09:52.600><c> structure</c>

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um so we have this other data structure
 

00:09:52.920 --> 00:09:54.150 align:start position:0%
um so we have this other data structure
called<00:09:53.040><c> a</c><00:09:53.160><c> view</c><00:09:53.360><c> and</c><00:09:53.440><c> a</c><00:09:53.519><c> view</c><00:09:53.720><c> is</c><00:09:53.839><c> just</c><00:09:53.920><c> a</c><00:09:54.000><c> set</c>

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called a view and a view is just a set
 

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called a view and a view is just a set
of<00:09:54.279><c> bets</c><00:09:54.640><c> so</c><00:09:54.720><c> we</c><00:09:54.839><c> have</c><00:09:55.040><c> bets</c><00:09:55.440><c> which</c><00:09:55.560><c> are</c><00:09:55.880><c> have</c>

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of bets so we have bets which are have
 

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of bets so we have bets which are have
estimates<00:09:56.800><c> justifications</c><00:09:57.399><c> which</c><00:09:57.519><c> are</c><00:09:57.640><c> sets</c>

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estimates justifications which are sets
 

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estimates justifications which are sets
of<00:09:57.959><c> bets</c><00:09:58.600><c> and</c><00:09:58.720><c> senders</c>

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of bets and senders
 

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of bets and senders
we<00:10:00.000><c> have</c><00:10:00.720><c> uh</c><00:10:01.079><c> we</c><00:10:01.200><c> have</c><00:10:01.399><c> weights</c><00:10:01.640><c> on</c><00:10:01.760><c> the</c>

00:10:01.870 --> 00:10:01.880 align:start position:0%
we have uh we have weights on the
 

00:10:01.880 --> 00:10:04.110 align:start position:0%
we have uh we have weights on the
validators<00:10:02.800><c> names</c><00:10:03.079><c> for</c><00:10:03.240><c> the</c><00:10:03.360><c> validators</c><00:10:04.000><c> and</c>

00:10:04.110 --> 00:10:04.120 align:start position:0%
validators names for the validators and
 

00:10:04.120 --> 00:10:05.509 align:start position:0%
validators names for the validators and
Views<00:10:04.519><c> and</c><00:10:04.600><c> these</c><00:10:04.720><c> are</c><00:10:04.959><c> all</c><00:10:05.120><c> of</c><00:10:05.200><c> the</c><00:10:05.320><c> data</c>

00:10:05.509 --> 00:10:05.519 align:start position:0%
Views and these are all of the data
 

00:10:05.519 --> 00:10:07.110 align:start position:0%
Views and these are all of the data
structures<00:10:05.920><c> that</c><00:10:06.000><c> we</c><00:10:06.120><c> will</c><00:10:06.279><c> use</c><00:10:06.560><c> to</c><00:10:06.760><c> talk</c><00:10:06.920><c> to</c>

00:10:07.110 --> 00:10:07.120 align:start position:0%
structures that we will use to talk to
 

00:10:07.120 --> 00:10:08.430 align:start position:0%
structures that we will use to talk to
Define<00:10:07.440><c> everything</c><00:10:07.760><c> that</c><00:10:07.880><c> I'm</c><00:10:08.000><c> going</c><00:10:08.120><c> to</c><00:10:08.279><c> like</c>

00:10:08.430 --> 00:10:08.440 align:start position:0%
Define everything that I'm going to like
 

00:10:08.440 --> 00:10:10.069 align:start position:0%
Define everything that I'm going to like
talk<00:10:08.600><c> about</c><00:10:08.760><c> for</c><00:10:08.959><c> the</c><00:10:09.079><c> course</c><00:10:09.240><c> of</c><00:10:09.360><c> this</c><00:10:09.519><c> talk</c>

00:10:10.069 --> 00:10:10.079 align:start position:0%
talk about for the course of this talk
 

00:10:10.079 --> 00:10:11.350 align:start position:0%
talk about for the course of this talk
and<00:10:10.360><c> that</c><00:10:10.560><c> everything</c><00:10:10.920><c> everything</c><00:10:11.200><c> that's</c>

00:10:11.350 --> 00:10:11.360 align:start position:0%
and that everything everything that's
 

00:10:11.360 --> 00:10:12.430 align:start position:0%
and that everything everything that's
like<00:10:11.519><c> defined</c><00:10:11.760><c> in</c><00:10:11.880><c> the</c><00:10:12.000><c> correct</c><00:10:12.279><c> by</c>

00:10:12.430 --> 00:10:12.440 align:start position:0%
like defined in the correct by
 

00:10:12.440 --> 00:10:16.389 align:start position:0%
like defined in the correct by
construction<00:10:13.000><c> like</c><00:10:13.440><c> approach</c><00:10:14.480><c> um</c><00:10:15.480><c> and</c><00:10:15.800><c> it's</c>

00:10:16.389 --> 00:10:16.399 align:start position:0%
construction like approach um and it's
 

00:10:16.399 --> 00:10:18.750 align:start position:0%
construction like approach um and it's
worth<00:10:16.600><c> noting</c><00:10:16.959><c> that</c><00:10:17.120><c> the</c><00:10:17.320><c> BET</c><00:10:17.560><c> structure</c><00:10:17.920><c> is</c><00:10:18.000><c> a</c>

00:10:18.750 --> 00:10:18.760 align:start position:0%
worth noting that the BET structure is a
 

00:10:18.760 --> 00:10:21.110 align:start position:0%
worth noting that the BET structure is a
dag<00:10:19.760><c> uh</c><00:10:20.120><c> and</c><00:10:20.240><c> you</c><00:10:20.320><c> can</c><00:10:20.440><c> represent</c><00:10:20.800><c> it</c><00:10:20.920><c> kind</c><00:10:21.000><c> of</c>

00:10:21.110 --> 00:10:21.120 align:start position:0%
dag uh and you can represent it kind of
 

00:10:21.120 --> 00:10:23.269 align:start position:0%
dag uh and you can represent it kind of
like<00:10:21.279><c> this</c><00:10:21.640><c> where</c><00:10:21.800><c> I'm</c><00:10:21.880><c> going</c><00:10:22.000><c> to</c><00:10:22.120><c> line</c><00:10:22.360><c> up</c>

00:10:23.269 --> 00:10:23.279 align:start position:0%
like this where I'm going to line up
 

00:10:23.279 --> 00:10:25.829 align:start position:0%
like this where I'm going to line up
validators<00:10:24.240><c> right</c><00:10:24.399><c> so</c><00:10:24.880><c> so</c><00:10:25.320><c> the</c><00:10:25.480><c> the</c><00:10:25.640><c> the</c>

00:10:25.829 --> 00:10:25.839 align:start position:0%
validators right so so the the the
 

00:10:25.839 --> 00:10:28.110 align:start position:0%
validators right so so the the the
number<00:10:26.279><c> on</c><00:10:26.680><c> the</c><00:10:26.839><c> Node</c><00:10:27.279><c> is</c><00:10:27.440><c> the</c><00:10:27.640><c> estimate</c><00:10:28.000><c> of</c>

00:10:28.110 --> 00:10:28.120 align:start position:0%
number on the Node is the estimate of
 

00:10:28.120 --> 00:10:30.470 align:start position:0%
number on the Node is the estimate of
the<00:10:28.200><c> bet</c><00:10:28.800><c> the</c><00:10:29.200><c> edges</c><00:10:29.640><c> correspond</c><00:10:30.120><c> to</c><00:10:30.279><c> which</c>

00:10:30.470 --> 00:10:30.480 align:start position:0%
the bet the edges correspond to which
 

00:10:30.480 --> 00:10:32.470 align:start position:0%
the bet the edges correspond to which
bets<00:10:30.720><c> are</c><00:10:30.839><c> in</c><00:10:30.959><c> the</c><00:10:31.120><c> justification</c><00:10:32.120><c> and</c><00:10:32.360><c> the</c>

00:10:32.470 --> 00:10:32.480 align:start position:0%
bets are in the justification and the
 

00:10:32.480 --> 00:10:35.150 align:start position:0%
bets are in the justification and the
kind<00:10:32.600><c> of</c><00:10:32.839><c> vertical</c><00:10:33.360><c> alignment</c><00:10:34.360><c> along</c><00:10:34.760><c> these</c>

00:10:35.150 --> 00:10:35.160 align:start position:0%
kind of vertical alignment along these
 

00:10:35.160 --> 00:10:36.829 align:start position:0%
kind of vertical alignment along these
along<00:10:35.399><c> these</c><00:10:35.560><c> letters</c><00:10:35.959><c> corresponds</c><00:10:36.480><c> to</c><00:10:36.680><c> like</c>

00:10:36.829 --> 00:10:36.839 align:start position:0%
along these letters corresponds to like
 

00:10:36.839 --> 00:10:38.670 align:start position:0%
along these letters corresponds to like
which<00:10:37.120><c> validator</c><00:10:37.560><c> made</c><00:10:37.760><c> that</c><00:10:37.920><c> bet</c><00:10:38.399><c> here</c>

00:10:38.670 --> 00:10:38.680 align:start position:0%
which validator made that bet here
 

00:10:38.680 --> 00:10:40.670 align:start position:0%
which validator made that bet here
validator<00:10:39.240><c> one</c><00:10:39.560><c> made</c><00:10:39.800><c> two</c><00:10:40.000><c> bets</c><00:10:40.320><c> one</c><00:10:40.480><c> with</c>

00:10:40.670 --> 00:10:40.680 align:start position:0%
validator one made two bets one with
 

00:10:40.680 --> 00:10:42.509 align:start position:0%
validator one made two bets one with
estimate<00:10:41.040><c> zero</c><00:10:41.279><c> one</c><00:10:41.399><c> with</c><00:10:41.560><c> estimate</c><00:10:41.920><c> one</c>

00:10:42.509 --> 00:10:42.519 align:start position:0%
estimate zero one with estimate one
 

00:10:42.519 --> 00:10:44.750 align:start position:0%
estimate zero one with estimate one
validator<00:10:43.000><c> two</c><00:10:43.720><c> similarly</c><00:10:44.320><c> and</c><00:10:44.440><c> they've</c><00:10:44.639><c> got</c>

00:10:44.750 --> 00:10:44.760 align:start position:0%
validator two similarly and they've got
 

00:10:44.760 --> 00:10:46.030 align:start position:0%
validator two similarly and they've got
all<00:10:44.920><c> these</c><00:10:45.160><c> justifications</c><00:10:45.720><c> pointing</c>

00:10:46.030 --> 00:10:46.040 align:start position:0%
all these justifications pointing
 

00:10:46.040 --> 00:10:48.190 align:start position:0%
all these justifications pointing
everywhere<00:10:46.800><c> it's</c><00:10:47.000><c> great</c><00:10:47.639><c> so</c><00:10:47.880><c> now</c><00:10:48.000><c> we're</c><00:10:48.079><c> going</c>

00:10:48.190 --> 00:10:48.200 align:start position:0%
everywhere it's great so now we're going
 

00:10:48.200 --> 00:10:49.710 align:start position:0%
everywhere it's great so now we're going
to<00:10:48.320><c> start</c><00:10:48.519><c> going</c><00:10:48.839><c> some</c><00:10:49.000><c> definitions</c><00:10:49.600><c> where</c>

00:10:49.710 --> 00:10:49.720 align:start position:0%
to start going some definitions where
 

00:10:49.720 --> 00:10:50.670 align:start position:0%
to start going some definitions where
we're<00:10:49.839><c> just</c><00:10:49.920><c> going</c><00:10:50.040><c> to</c><00:10:50.160><c> define</c><00:10:50.360><c> a</c><00:10:50.440><c> whole</c><00:10:50.560><c> bunch</c>

00:10:50.670 --> 00:10:50.680 align:start position:0%
we're just going to define a whole bunch
 

00:10:50.680 --> 00:10:52.069 align:start position:0%
we're just going to define a whole bunch
of<00:10:50.800><c> stuff</c><00:10:50.959><c> that</c><00:10:51.040><c> we're</c><00:10:51.160><c> used</c><00:10:51.320><c> to</c><00:10:51.800><c> talking</c>

00:10:52.069 --> 00:10:52.079 align:start position:0%
of stuff that we're used to talking
 

00:10:52.079 --> 00:10:54.269 align:start position:0%
of stuff that we're used to talking
about<00:10:52.480><c> sometimes</c><00:10:53.360><c> um</c><00:10:53.800><c> sometimes</c><00:10:54.000><c> there</c><00:10:54.120><c> going</c>

00:10:54.269 --> 00:10:54.279 align:start position:0%
about sometimes um sometimes there going
 

00:10:54.279 --> 00:10:56.470 align:start position:0%
about sometimes um sometimes there going
be<00:10:54.399><c> new</c><00:10:54.600><c> stuff</c><00:10:55.279><c> in</c><00:10:55.399><c> terms</c><00:10:55.680><c> of</c><00:10:55.920><c> like</c><00:10:56.079><c> this</c><00:10:56.240><c> data</c>

00:10:56.470 --> 00:10:56.480 align:start position:0%
be new stuff in terms of like this data
 

00:10:56.480 --> 00:10:58.069 align:start position:0%
be new stuff in terms of like this data
structure<00:10:56.839><c> that</c><00:10:56.959><c> we</c><00:10:57.120><c> just</c><00:10:57.320><c> have</c><00:10:57.680><c> that</c><00:10:57.880><c> that</c><00:10:58.000><c> I</c>

00:10:58.069 --> 00:10:58.079 align:start position:0%
structure that we just have that that I
 

00:10:58.079 --> 00:10:59.350 align:start position:0%
structure that we just have that that I
just<00:10:58.200><c> defined</c><00:10:58.480><c> and</c><00:10:58.600><c> which</c><00:10:58.760><c> basically</c><00:10:59.160><c> is</c><00:10:59.240><c> like</c>

00:10:59.350 --> 00:10:59.360 align:start position:0%
just defined and which basically is like
 

00:10:59.360 --> 00:11:00.790 align:start position:0%
just defined and which basically is like
the<00:10:59.480><c> model</c><00:10:59.959><c> that</c><00:11:00.120><c> everything</c><00:11:00.440><c> is</c><00:11:00.600><c> going</c><00:11:00.680><c> to</c>

00:11:00.790 --> 00:11:00.800 align:start position:0%
the model that everything is going to
 

00:11:00.800 --> 00:11:04.990 align:start position:0%
the model that everything is going to
sit<00:11:01.000><c> on</c><00:11:01.920><c> um</c><00:11:02.519><c> so</c><00:11:03.360><c> um</c><00:11:03.760><c> a</c><00:11:03.920><c> bet</c><00:11:04.160><c> is</c><00:11:04.240><c> a</c><00:11:04.760><c> is</c><00:11:04.839><c> a</c>

00:11:04.990 --> 00:11:05.000 align:start position:0%
sit on um so um a bet is a is a
 

00:11:05.000 --> 00:11:06.470 align:start position:0%
sit on um so um a bet is a is a
dependency<00:11:05.399><c> of</c><00:11:05.519><c> another</c><00:11:05.720><c> bet</c><00:11:06.000><c> if</c><00:11:06.079><c> it's</c><00:11:06.240><c> in</c><00:11:06.360><c> the</c>

00:11:06.470 --> 00:11:06.480 align:start position:0%
dependency of another bet if it's in the
 

00:11:06.480 --> 00:11:07.870 align:start position:0%
dependency of another bet if it's in the
justification<00:11:07.160><c> or</c><00:11:07.320><c> if</c><00:11:07.440><c> it's</c><00:11:07.560><c> in</c><00:11:07.720><c> the</c>

00:11:07.870 --> 00:11:07.880 align:start position:0%
justification or if it's in the
 

00:11:07.880 --> 00:11:09.269 align:start position:0%
justification or if it's in the
dependency<00:11:08.320><c> of</c><00:11:08.440><c> anything</c><00:11:08.639><c> in</c><00:11:08.800><c> the</c>

00:11:09.269 --> 00:11:09.279 align:start position:0%
dependency of anything in the
 

00:11:09.279 --> 00:11:11.870 align:start position:0%
dependency of anything in the
justification<00:11:10.279><c> um</c><00:11:10.880><c> it's</c><00:11:11.040><c> a</c><00:11:11.399><c> recursive</c>

00:11:11.870 --> 00:11:11.880 align:start position:0%
justification um it's a recursive
 

00:11:11.880 --> 00:11:13.230 align:start position:0%
justification um it's a recursive
definition<00:11:12.480><c> but</c><00:11:12.600><c> there's</c><00:11:12.720><c> a</c><00:11:12.839><c> really</c><00:11:13.000><c> pretty</c>

00:11:13.230 --> 00:11:13.240 align:start position:0%
definition but there's a really pretty
 

00:11:13.240 --> 00:11:16.190 align:start position:0%
definition but there's a really pretty
picture<00:11:13.839><c> the</c><00:11:14.040><c> red</c><00:11:14.399><c> bet</c><00:11:14.839><c> is</c><00:11:15.519><c> in</c><00:11:15.680><c> the</c><00:11:15.800><c> dependency</c>

00:11:16.190 --> 00:11:16.200 align:start position:0%
picture the red bet is in the dependency
 

00:11:16.200 --> 00:11:19.750 align:start position:0%
picture the red bet is in the dependency
of<00:11:16.279><c> the</c><00:11:16.360><c> blue</c><00:11:16.560><c> bets</c><00:11:17.240><c> basically</c><00:11:17.800><c> because</c><00:11:18.160><c> it</c><00:11:18.760><c> is</c>

00:11:19.750 --> 00:11:19.760 align:start position:0%
of the blue bets basically because it is
 

00:11:19.760 --> 00:11:23.110 align:start position:0%
of the blue bets basically because it is
uh<00:11:20.760><c> Upstream</c><00:11:21.279><c> from</c><00:11:21.480><c> them</c><00:11:21.880><c> in</c><00:11:22.079><c> the</c><00:11:22.279><c> in</c><00:11:22.440><c> these</c>

00:11:23.110 --> 00:11:23.120 align:start position:0%
uh Upstream from them in the in these
 

00:11:23.120 --> 00:11:27.030 align:start position:0%
uh Upstream from them in the in these
arrows<00:11:24.120><c> um</c><00:11:24.800><c> so</c><00:11:25.440><c> equivocation</c><00:11:26.440><c> is</c><00:11:26.760><c> something</c>

00:11:27.030 --> 00:11:27.040 align:start position:0%
arrows um so equivocation is something
 

00:11:27.040 --> 00:11:28.069 align:start position:0%
arrows um so equivocation is something
that<00:11:27.200><c> we</c><00:11:27.560><c> sometimes</c><00:11:27.720><c> talk</c><00:11:27.839><c> about</c><00:11:27.959><c> in</c>

00:11:28.069 --> 00:11:28.079 align:start position:0%
that we sometimes talk about in
 

00:11:28.079 --> 00:11:29.750 align:start position:0%
that we sometimes talk about in
consensus<00:11:28.440><c> protocols</c><00:11:29.120><c> I</c><00:11:29.240><c> have</c><00:11:29.320><c> a</c><00:11:29.440><c> formal</c>

00:11:29.750 --> 00:11:29.760 align:start position:0%
consensus protocols I have a formal
 

00:11:29.760 --> 00:11:31.990 align:start position:0%
consensus protocols I have a formal
definition<00:11:30.200><c> here</c><00:11:30.480><c> of</c><00:11:31.160><c> what</c><00:11:31.320><c> it</c><00:11:31.440><c> means</c><00:11:31.680><c> for</c><00:11:31.839><c> two</c>

00:11:31.990 --> 00:11:32.000 align:start position:0%
definition here of what it means for two
 

00:11:32.000 --> 00:11:33.870 align:start position:0%
definition here of what it means for two
bets<00:11:32.240><c> to</c><00:11:32.320><c> be</c><00:11:32.440><c> an</c><00:11:32.600><c> equivocation</c><00:11:33.480><c> basically</c>

00:11:33.870 --> 00:11:33.880 align:start position:0%
bets to be an equivocation basically
 

00:11:33.880 --> 00:11:35.629 align:start position:0%
bets to be an equivocation basically
they<00:11:34.000><c> have</c><00:11:34.160><c> the</c><00:11:34.279><c> same</c><00:11:34.440><c> sender</c><00:11:35.240><c> they're</c><00:11:35.440><c> not</c>

00:11:35.629 --> 00:11:35.639 align:start position:0%
they have the same sender they're not
 

00:11:35.639 --> 00:11:37.350 align:start position:0%
they have the same sender they're not
the<00:11:35.760><c> same</c><00:11:35.959><c> bet</c><00:11:36.399><c> and</c><00:11:36.519><c> neither</c><00:11:36.760><c> of</c><00:11:36.880><c> them</c><00:11:37.040><c> are</c><00:11:37.240><c> the</c>

00:11:37.350 --> 00:11:37.360 align:start position:0%
the same bet and neither of them are the
 

00:11:37.360 --> 00:11:39.069 align:start position:0%
the same bet and neither of them are the
dependency<00:11:37.880><c> of</c><00:11:38.000><c> the</c><00:11:38.120><c> other</c><00:11:38.600><c> so</c><00:11:38.760><c> basically</c>

00:11:39.069 --> 00:11:39.079 align:start position:0%
dependency of the other so basically
 

00:11:39.079 --> 00:11:41.629 align:start position:0%
dependency of the other so basically
they<00:11:39.240><c> represent</c><00:11:39.760><c> kind</c><00:11:39.920><c> of</c><00:11:40.639><c> uh</c><00:11:40.920><c> a</c><00:11:41.120><c> bet</c><00:11:41.399><c> made</c>

00:11:41.629 --> 00:11:41.639 align:start position:0%
they represent kind of uh a bet made
 

00:11:41.639 --> 00:11:43.910 align:start position:0%
they represent kind of uh a bet made
with<00:11:41.760><c> a</c><00:11:41.920><c> justification</c><00:11:42.680><c> that</c><00:11:42.920><c> like</c><00:11:43.200><c> ignored</c>

00:11:43.910 --> 00:11:43.920 align:start position:0%
with a justification that like ignored
 

00:11:43.920 --> 00:11:45.550 align:start position:0%
with a justification that like ignored
the<00:11:44.120><c> fact</c><00:11:44.320><c> that</c><00:11:44.519><c> they</c><00:11:44.680><c> previously</c><00:11:45.160><c> had</c><00:11:45.320><c> made</c><00:11:45.440><c> a</c>

00:11:45.550 --> 00:11:45.560 align:start position:0%
the fact that they previously had made a
 

00:11:45.560 --> 00:11:47.310 align:start position:0%
the fact that they previously had made a
bet<00:11:45.800><c> there's</c><00:11:46.000><c> no</c><00:11:46.120><c> way</c><00:11:46.200><c> to</c><00:11:46.320><c> make</c><00:11:46.480><c> two</c><00:11:46.680><c> bets</c><00:11:47.160><c> and</c>

00:11:47.310 --> 00:11:47.320 align:start position:0%
bet there's no way to make two bets and
 

00:11:47.320 --> 00:11:48.910 align:start position:0%
bet there's no way to make two bets and
have<00:11:47.480><c> neither</c><00:11:47.680><c> of</c><00:11:47.760><c> them</c><00:11:47.959><c> be</c><00:11:48.600><c> in</c><00:11:48.720><c> the</c><00:11:48.839><c> ad</c>

00:11:48.910 --> 00:11:48.920 align:start position:0%
have neither of them be in the ad
 

00:11:48.920 --> 00:11:50.629 align:start position:0%
have neither of them be in the ad
justication<00:11:49.279><c> of</c><00:11:49.399><c> the</c><00:11:49.519><c> other</c><00:11:49.959><c> without</c><00:11:50.279><c> kind</c><00:11:50.399><c> of</c>

00:11:50.629 --> 00:11:50.639 align:start position:0%
justication of the other without kind of
 

00:11:50.639 --> 00:11:52.190 align:start position:0%
justication of the other without kind of
intentionally<00:11:51.240><c> leaving</c><00:11:51.600><c> out</c><00:11:51.839><c> something</c><00:11:52.079><c> that</c>

00:11:52.190 --> 00:11:52.200 align:start position:0%
intentionally leaving out something that
 

00:11:52.200 --> 00:11:53.910 align:start position:0%
intentionally leaving out something that
you<00:11:52.320><c> knew</c><00:11:52.720><c> because</c><00:11:53.160><c> you</c><00:11:53.279><c> can't</c><00:11:53.440><c> be</c><00:11:53.560><c> ignorant</c>

00:11:53.910 --> 00:11:53.920 align:start position:0%
you knew because you can't be ignorant
 

00:11:53.920 --> 00:11:55.750 align:start position:0%
you knew because you can't be ignorant
of<00:11:54.040><c> the</c><00:11:54.120><c> fact</c><00:11:54.279><c> that</c><00:11:54.360><c> you</c><00:11:54.440><c> made</c><00:11:54.600><c> a</c><00:11:54.760><c> bet</c><00:11:55.040><c> really</c>

00:11:55.750 --> 00:11:55.760 align:start position:0%
of the fact that you made a bet really
 

00:11:55.760 --> 00:11:56.790 align:start position:0%
of the fact that you made a bet really
uh<00:11:55.880><c> so</c><00:11:56.040><c> here</c><00:11:56.160><c> are</c><00:11:56.279><c> some</c><00:11:56.440><c> examples</c><00:11:56.680><c> of</c>

00:11:56.790 --> 00:11:56.800 align:start position:0%
uh so here are some examples of
 

00:11:56.800 --> 00:11:58.069 align:start position:0%
uh so here are some examples of
equivocations<00:11:57.360><c> the</c><00:11:57.480><c> colored</c><00:11:57.760><c> bets</c><00:11:57.959><c> are</c>

00:11:58.069 --> 00:11:58.079 align:start position:0%
equivocations the colored bets are
 

00:11:58.079 --> 00:12:00.590 align:start position:0%
equivocations the colored bets are
equivocations<00:11:59.399><c> um</c><00:11:59.760><c> the</c><00:11:59.880><c> two</c><00:12:00.079><c> red</c><00:12:00.279><c> ones</c><00:12:00.519><c> you</c>

00:12:00.590 --> 00:12:00.600 align:start position:0%
equivocations um the two red ones you
 

00:12:00.600 --> 00:12:01.949 align:start position:0%
equivocations um the two red ones you
know<00:12:00.720><c> and</c><00:12:00.839><c> the</c><00:12:00.920><c> two</c><00:12:01.079><c> blue</c><00:12:01.279><c> ones</c><00:12:01.600><c> they</c><00:12:01.680><c> don't</c>

00:12:01.949 --> 00:12:01.959 align:start position:0%
know and the two blue ones they don't
 

00:12:01.959 --> 00:12:03.230 align:start position:0%
know and the two blue ones they don't
include<00:12:02.279><c> each</c><00:12:02.360><c> other</c><00:12:02.480><c> in</c><00:12:02.600><c> their</c><00:12:02.720><c> dependencies</c>

00:12:03.230 --> 00:12:03.240 align:start position:0%
include each other in their dependencies
 

00:12:03.240 --> 00:12:05.750 align:start position:0%
include each other in their dependencies
there's<00:12:03.440><c> no</c><00:12:03.720><c> like</c><00:12:04.200><c> there's</c><00:12:04.440><c> no</c><00:12:04.920><c> you</c><00:12:05.000><c> know</c>

00:12:05.750 --> 00:12:05.760 align:start position:0%
there's no like there's no you know
 

00:12:05.760 --> 00:12:07.710 align:start position:0%
there's no like there's no you know
Arrow<00:12:06.519><c> saying</c><00:12:06.800><c> that</c><00:12:07.000><c> the</c><00:12:07.079><c> one</c><00:12:07.279><c> knows</c><00:12:07.519><c> about</c>

00:12:07.710 --> 00:12:07.720 align:start position:0%
Arrow saying that the one knows about
 

00:12:07.720 --> 00:12:09.509 align:start position:0%
Arrow saying that the one knows about
the<00:12:07.959><c> zero</c><00:12:08.440><c> or</c><00:12:08.600><c> that</c><00:12:08.760><c> like</c><00:12:08.920><c> the</c><00:12:09.040><c> one</c><00:12:09.240><c> up</c><00:12:09.360><c> there</c>

00:12:09.509 --> 00:12:09.519 align:start position:0%
the zero or that like the one up there
 

00:12:09.519 --> 00:12:11.990 align:start position:0%
the zero or that like the one up there
knows<00:12:09.720><c> about</c><00:12:09.920><c> the</c><00:12:10.040><c> other</c><00:12:10.200><c> one</c><00:12:11.160><c> um</c><00:12:11.720><c> so</c><00:12:11.880><c> these</c>

00:12:11.990 --> 00:12:12.000 align:start position:0%
knows about the other one um so these
 

00:12:12.000 --> 00:12:13.910 align:start position:0%
knows about the other one um so these
are<00:12:12.200><c> equivocations</c><00:12:12.800><c> and</c><00:12:12.959><c> equivocations</c>

00:12:13.910 --> 00:12:13.920 align:start position:0%
are equivocations and equivocations
 

00:12:13.920 --> 00:12:16.310 align:start position:0%
are equivocations and equivocations
correspond<00:12:14.360><c> to</c><00:12:14.560><c> something</c><00:12:15.399><c> important</c><00:12:16.120><c> when</c>

00:12:16.310 --> 00:12:16.320 align:start position:0%
correspond to something important when
 

00:12:16.320 --> 00:12:17.949 align:start position:0%
correspond to something important when
we<00:12:16.519><c> when</c><00:12:16.639><c> we</c><00:12:16.720><c> talk</c><00:12:16.880><c> about</c><00:12:17.040><c> Byzantine</c><00:12:17.440><c> faults</c>

00:12:17.949 --> 00:12:17.959 align:start position:0%
we when we talk about Byzantine faults
 

00:12:17.959 --> 00:12:20.470 align:start position:0%
we when we talk about Byzantine faults
and<00:12:18.160><c> kind</c><00:12:18.279><c> of</c><00:12:18.399><c> our</c><00:12:18.519><c> ideal</c><00:12:19.040><c> adversary</c><00:12:20.040><c> um</c><00:12:20.320><c> so</c>

00:12:20.470 --> 00:12:20.480 align:start position:0%
and kind of our ideal adversary um so
 

00:12:20.480 --> 00:12:21.990 align:start position:0%
and kind of our ideal adversary um so
the<00:12:20.560><c> latest</c><00:12:20.920><c> bet</c><00:12:21.160><c> is</c><00:12:21.279><c> another</c><00:12:21.519><c> definition</c>

00:12:21.990 --> 00:12:22.000 align:start position:0%
the latest bet is another definition
 

00:12:22.000 --> 00:12:22.990 align:start position:0%
the latest bet is another definition
basically<00:12:22.399><c> because</c><00:12:22.600><c> we</c><00:12:22.680><c> have</c><00:12:22.800><c> this</c>

00:12:22.990 --> 00:12:23.000 align:start position:0%
basically because we have this
 

00:12:23.000 --> 00:12:24.509 align:start position:0%
basically because we have this
dependency<00:12:23.440><c> relation</c><00:12:23.800><c> it</c><00:12:23.920><c> kind</c><00:12:24.040><c> of</c><00:12:24.199><c> defines</c>

00:12:24.509 --> 00:12:24.519 align:start position:0%
dependency relation it kind of defines
 

00:12:24.519 --> 00:12:26.750 align:start position:0%
dependency relation it kind of defines
like<00:12:24.639><c> a</c><00:12:24.720><c> causally</c><00:12:25.240><c> after</c><00:12:26.040><c> what</c><00:12:26.160><c> we</c><00:12:26.279><c> can</c><00:12:26.440><c> also</c>

00:12:26.750 --> 00:12:26.760 align:start position:0%
like a causally after what we can also
 

00:12:26.760 --> 00:12:28.670 align:start position:0%
like a causally after what we can also
have<00:12:27.040><c> is</c><00:12:27.199><c> like</c><00:12:27.360><c> from</c><00:12:27.519><c> a</c><00:12:27.680><c> particular</c><00:12:28.079><c> view</c><00:12:28.600><c> we</c>

00:12:28.670 --> 00:12:28.680 align:start position:0%
have is like from a particular view we
 

00:12:28.680 --> 00:12:30.430 align:start position:0%
have is like from a particular view we
can<00:12:29.000><c> say</c><00:12:29.240><c> oh</c><00:12:29.440><c> these</c><00:12:29.680><c> some</c><00:12:29.880><c> certain</c><00:12:30.120><c> bets</c><00:12:30.360><c> are</c>

00:12:30.430 --> 00:12:30.440 align:start position:0%
can say oh these some certain bets are
 

00:12:30.440 --> 00:12:32.590 align:start position:0%
can say oh these some certain bets are
the<00:12:30.600><c> latest</c><00:12:31.440><c> here</c><00:12:31.639><c> some</c><00:12:31.920><c> drawings</c><00:12:32.399><c> right</c>

00:12:32.590 --> 00:12:32.600 align:start position:0%
the latest here some drawings right
 

00:12:32.600 --> 00:12:34.350 align:start position:0%
the latest here some drawings right
these<00:12:32.880><c> these</c><00:12:33.040><c> bets</c><00:12:33.680><c> they</c><00:12:33.800><c> don't</c><00:12:33.959><c> have</c><00:12:34.120><c> any</c>

00:12:34.350 --> 00:12:34.360 align:start position:0%
these these bets they don't have any
 

00:12:34.360 --> 00:12:36.870 align:start position:0%
these these bets they don't have any
nodes<00:12:35.279><c> uh</c><00:12:35.399><c> with</c><00:12:35.519><c> an</c><00:12:35.639><c> arrow</c><00:12:35.920><c> point</c><00:12:36.399><c> uh</c><00:12:36.519><c> pointing</c>

00:12:36.870 --> 00:12:36.880 align:start position:0%
nodes uh with an arrow point uh pointing
 

00:12:36.880 --> 00:12:38.910 align:start position:0%
nodes uh with an arrow point uh pointing
out<00:12:37.440><c> there's</c><00:12:37.639><c> no</c><00:12:37.880><c> arrows</c><00:12:38.199><c> pointing</c><00:12:38.560><c> out</c><00:12:38.720><c> of</c>

00:12:38.910 --> 00:12:38.920 align:start position:0%
out there's no arrows pointing out of
 

00:12:38.920 --> 00:12:41.590 align:start position:0%
out there's no arrows pointing out of
these<00:12:39.720><c> uh</c><00:12:40.120><c> out</c><00:12:40.199><c> of</c><00:12:40.360><c> these</c><00:12:40.519><c> bets</c><00:12:41.079><c> into</c><00:12:41.360><c> another</c>

00:12:41.590 --> 00:12:41.600 align:start position:0%
these uh out of these bets into another
 

00:12:41.600 --> 00:12:43.030 align:start position:0%
these uh out of these bets into another
bet<00:12:41.800><c> from</c><00:12:41.880><c> the</c><00:12:42.000><c> same</c><00:12:42.160><c> validator</c><00:12:42.600><c> so</c><00:12:42.760><c> they're</c>

00:12:43.030 --> 00:12:43.040 align:start position:0%
bet from the same validator so they're
 

00:12:43.040 --> 00:12:44.870 align:start position:0%
bet from the same validator so they're
so<00:12:43.160><c> like</c><00:12:43.360><c> those</c><00:12:43.880><c> two</c><00:12:44.120><c> bets</c><00:12:44.360><c> on</c><00:12:44.440><c> the</c><00:12:44.519><c> left</c><00:12:44.680><c> are</c>

00:12:44.870 --> 00:12:44.880 align:start position:0%
so like those two bets on the left are
 

00:12:44.880 --> 00:12:46.629 align:start position:0%
so like those two bets on the left are
the<00:12:45.000><c> latest</c><00:12:45.320><c> nodes</c><00:12:45.959><c> latest</c><00:12:46.240><c> bets</c><00:12:46.480><c> from</c>

00:12:46.629 --> 00:12:46.639 align:start position:0%
the latest nodes latest bets from
 

00:12:46.639 --> 00:12:49.629 align:start position:0%
the latest nodes latest bets from
validator<00:12:47.360><c> one</c><00:12:48.360><c> um</c><00:12:48.720><c> not</c><00:12:49.160><c> that</c><00:12:49.279><c> they're</c><00:12:49.399><c> an</c>

00:12:49.629 --> 00:12:49.639 align:start position:0%
validator one um not that they're an
 

00:12:49.639 --> 00:12:52.230 align:start position:0%
validator one um not that they're an
equivocation<00:12:50.639><c> uh</c><00:12:50.839><c> validator</c><00:12:51.240><c> 2</c><00:12:51.519><c> validator</c><00:12:51.959><c> 3</c>

00:12:52.230 --> 00:12:52.240 align:start position:0%
equivocation uh validator 2 validator 3
 

00:12:52.240 --> 00:12:53.670 align:start position:0%
equivocation uh validator 2 validator 3
also<00:12:52.440><c> have</c><00:12:52.600><c> some</c><00:12:52.720><c> latest</c><00:12:53.040><c> bets</c><00:12:53.320><c> there</c><00:12:53.440><c> it</c><00:12:53.600><c> kind</c>

00:12:53.670 --> 00:12:53.680 align:start position:0%
also have some latest bets there it kind
 

00:12:53.680 --> 00:12:55.030 align:start position:0%
also have some latest bets there it kind
of<00:12:53.880><c> has</c><00:12:54.000><c> an</c><00:12:54.160><c> intuitive</c><00:12:54.639><c> thing</c><00:12:54.839><c> right</c><00:12:54.920><c> it's</c>

00:12:55.030 --> 00:12:55.040 align:start position:0%
of has an intuitive thing right it's
 

00:12:55.040 --> 00:12:56.509 align:start position:0%
of has an intuitive thing right it's
like<00:12:55.160><c> the</c><00:12:55.279><c> latest</c><00:12:55.680><c> bet</c><00:12:55.920><c> that</c><00:12:56.000><c> we've</c><00:12:56.199><c> observed</c>

00:12:56.509 --> 00:12:56.519 align:start position:0%
like the latest bet that we've observed
 

00:12:56.519 --> 00:12:57.750 align:start position:0%
like the latest bet that we've observed
from<00:12:56.680><c> them</c><00:12:57.120><c> and</c><00:12:57.199><c> they</c><00:12:57.320><c> have</c><00:12:57.440><c> we</c><00:12:57.519><c> have</c><00:12:57.639><c> these</c>

00:12:57.750 --> 00:12:57.760 align:start position:0%
from them and they have we have these
 

00:12:57.760 --> 00:12:59.230 align:start position:0%
from them and they have we have these
like<00:12:57.880><c> little</c><00:12:58.040><c> arrows</c><00:12:58.399><c> to</c><00:12:58.519><c> help</c><00:12:58.680><c> us</c><00:12:58.959><c> find</c><00:12:59.120><c> the</c>

00:12:59.230 --> 00:12:59.240 align:start position:0%
like little arrows to help us find the
 

00:12:59.240 --> 00:13:02.269 align:start position:0%
like little arrows to help us find the
way<00:13:00.120><c> um</c><00:13:00.639><c> so</c><00:13:00.839><c> an</c><00:13:01.079><c> bet</c><00:13:01.199><c> is</c><00:13:01.320><c> invalid</c><00:13:01.920><c> if</c><00:13:02.120><c> the</c>

00:13:02.269 --> 00:13:02.279 align:start position:0%
way um so an bet is invalid if the
 

00:13:02.279 --> 00:13:03.910 align:start position:0%
way um so an bet is invalid if the
estimate<00:13:02.639><c> of</c><00:13:02.720><c> the</c><00:13:02.839><c> bet</c><00:13:03.000><c> is</c><00:13:03.160><c> not</c><00:13:03.360><c> the</c><00:13:03.519><c> maximum</c>

00:13:03.910 --> 00:13:03.920 align:start position:0%
estimate of the bet is not the maximum
 

00:13:03.920 --> 00:13:05.750 align:start position:0%
estimate of the bet is not the maximum
weight<00:13:04.199><c> estimate</c><00:13:04.720><c> given</c><00:13:05.000><c> the</c><00:13:05.240><c> view</c><00:13:05.440><c> and</c><00:13:05.600><c> their</c>

00:13:05.750 --> 00:13:05.760 align:start position:0%
weight estimate given the view and their
 

00:13:05.760 --> 00:13:07.590 align:start position:0%
weight estimate given the view and their
justification<00:13:06.600><c> so</c><00:13:06.839><c> the</c><00:13:06.920><c> justification</c><00:13:07.399><c> is</c><00:13:07.480><c> a</c>

00:13:07.590 --> 00:13:07.600 align:start position:0%
justification so the justification is a
 

00:13:07.600 --> 00:13:09.509 align:start position:0%
justification so the justification is a
set<00:13:07.720><c> of</c><00:13:07.839><c> bets</c><00:13:08.079><c> it's</c><00:13:08.199><c> got</c><00:13:08.320><c> a</c><00:13:08.440><c> view</c><00:13:09.120><c> and</c><00:13:09.240><c> it's</c><00:13:09.399><c> got</c>

00:13:09.509 --> 00:13:09.519 align:start position:0%
set of bets it's got a view and it's got
 

00:13:09.519 --> 00:13:10.990 align:start position:0%
set of bets it's got a view and it's got
some<00:13:09.639><c> latest</c><00:13:09.959><c> bets</c><00:13:10.199><c> in</c><00:13:10.320><c> there</c><00:13:10.519><c> and</c><00:13:10.680><c> you</c><00:13:10.760><c> can</c>

00:13:10.990 --> 00:13:11.000 align:start position:0%
some latest bets in there and you can
 

00:13:11.000 --> 00:13:13.189 align:start position:0%
some latest bets in there and you can
wait<00:13:12.000><c> uh</c><00:13:12.079><c> you</c><00:13:12.160><c> know</c><00:13:12.360><c> every</c><00:13:12.519><c> validator</c><00:13:12.959><c> has</c><00:13:13.079><c> a</c>

00:13:13.189 --> 00:13:13.199 align:start position:0%
wait uh you know every validator has a
 

00:13:13.199 --> 00:13:14.949 align:start position:0%
wait uh you know every validator has a
wait<00:13:13.519><c> every</c><00:13:13.720><c> validator</c><00:13:14.120><c> has</c><00:13:14.199><c> a</c><00:13:14.320><c> latest</c><00:13:14.639><c> bet</c>

00:13:14.949 --> 00:13:14.959 align:start position:0%
wait every validator has a latest bet
 

00:13:14.959 --> 00:13:16.310 align:start position:0%
wait every validator has a latest bet
and<00:13:15.079><c> I'm</c><00:13:15.160><c> going</c><00:13:15.279><c> to</c><00:13:15.399><c> say</c><00:13:15.720><c> okay</c><00:13:15.920><c> look</c><00:13:16.040><c> if</c><00:13:16.160><c> these</c>

00:13:16.310 --> 00:13:16.320 align:start position:0%
and I'm going to say okay look if these
 

00:13:16.320 --> 00:13:18.230 align:start position:0%
and I'm going to say okay look if these
validators<00:13:16.800><c> have</c><00:13:16.920><c> an</c><00:13:17.120><c> estimate</c><00:13:17.519><c> one</c><00:13:18.000><c> and</c><00:13:18.160><c> the</c>

00:13:18.230 --> 00:13:18.240 align:start position:0%
validators have an estimate one and the
 

00:13:18.240 --> 00:13:19.430 align:start position:0%
validators have an estimate one and the
latest<00:13:18.519><c> bet</c><00:13:18.720><c> those</c><00:13:18.880><c> validators</c><00:13:19.279><c> have</c><00:13:19.360><c> an</c>

00:13:19.430 --> 00:13:19.440 align:start position:0%
latest bet those validators have an
 

00:13:19.440 --> 00:13:21.069 align:start position:0%
latest bet those validators have an
estimate<00:13:19.800><c> zero</c><00:13:20.320><c> but</c><00:13:20.440><c> these</c><00:13:20.560><c> ones</c><00:13:20.760><c> have</c><00:13:20.880><c> more</c>

00:13:21.069 --> 00:13:21.079 align:start position:0%
estimate zero but these ones have more
 

00:13:21.079 --> 00:13:23.750 align:start position:0%
estimate zero but these ones have more
weight<00:13:21.680><c> then</c><00:13:21.880><c> like</c><00:13:22.120><c> my</c><00:13:22.440><c> bet</c><00:13:23.240><c> having</c><00:13:23.480><c> all</c><00:13:23.639><c> that</c>

00:13:23.750 --> 00:13:23.760 align:start position:0%
weight then like my bet having all that
 

00:13:23.760 --> 00:13:25.550 align:start position:0%
weight then like my bet having all that
stuff<00:13:23.880><c> into</c><00:13:24.120><c> justification</c><00:13:25.079><c> uh</c><00:13:25.199><c> would</c><00:13:25.360><c> only</c>

00:13:25.550 --> 00:13:25.560 align:start position:0%
stuff into justification uh would only
 

00:13:25.560 --> 00:13:27.310 align:start position:0%
stuff into justification uh would only
be<00:13:25.760><c> valid</c><00:13:26.040><c> if</c><00:13:26.240><c> my</c><00:13:26.360><c> estimate</c><00:13:26.720><c> was</c><00:13:26.839><c> one</c>

00:13:27.310 --> 00:13:27.320 align:start position:0%
be valid if my estimate was one
 

00:13:27.320 --> 00:13:28.829 align:start position:0%
be valid if my estimate was one
basically<00:13:27.600><c> we're</c><00:13:27.720><c> running</c><00:13:28.000><c> like</c><00:13:28.079><c> a</c><00:13:28.199><c> majority</c>

00:13:28.829 --> 00:13:28.839 align:start position:0%
basically we're running like a majority
 

00:13:28.839 --> 00:13:31.110 align:start position:0%
basically we're running like a majority
kind<00:13:28.920><c> of</c><00:13:29.040><c> election</c><00:13:29.440><c> here</c><00:13:29.959><c> when</c><00:13:30.120><c> we</c><00:13:30.320><c> have</c><00:13:30.639><c> only</c>

00:13:31.110 --> 00:13:31.120 align:start position:0%
kind of election here when we have only
 

00:13:31.120 --> 00:13:33.710 align:start position:0%
kind of election here when we have only
the<00:13:31.800><c> uh</c><00:13:32.000><c> only</c><00:13:32.240><c> valid</c><00:13:32.519><c> bets</c><00:13:32.800><c> around</c><00:13:33.399><c> people</c><00:13:33.560><c> are</c>

00:13:33.710 --> 00:13:33.720 align:start position:0%
the uh only valid bets around people are
 

00:13:33.720 --> 00:13:34.990 align:start position:0%
the uh only valid bets around people are
always<00:13:33.880><c> going</c><00:13:34.000><c> to</c><00:13:34.120><c> choose</c><00:13:34.360><c> the</c><00:13:34.519><c> major</c><00:13:34.839><c> the</c>

00:13:34.990 --> 00:13:35.000 align:start position:0%
always going to choose the major the
 

00:13:35.000 --> 00:13:37.189 align:start position:0%
always going to choose the major the
maximum<00:13:35.399><c> weight</c><00:13:35.680><c> estimates</c><00:13:36.680><c> uh</c><00:13:36.800><c> so</c><00:13:36.959><c> then</c><00:13:37.079><c> we</c>

00:13:37.189 --> 00:13:37.199 align:start position:0%
maximum weight estimates uh so then we
 

00:13:37.199 --> 00:13:38.550 align:start position:0%
maximum weight estimates uh so then we
have<00:13:37.320><c> this</c><00:13:37.639><c> definition</c><00:13:38.000><c> of</c><00:13:38.120><c> Byzantine</c>

00:13:38.550 --> 00:13:38.560 align:start position:0%
have this definition of Byzantine
 

00:13:38.560 --> 00:13:39.949 align:start position:0%
have this definition of Byzantine
validator<00:13:39.040><c> so</c><00:13:39.160><c> this</c><00:13:39.240><c> is</c><00:13:39.360><c> something</c><00:13:39.639><c> where</c>

00:13:39.949 --> 00:13:39.959 align:start position:0%
validator so this is something where
 

00:13:39.959 --> 00:13:41.230 align:start position:0%
validator so this is something where
normally<00:13:40.279><c> people</c><00:13:40.440><c> would</c><00:13:40.560><c> Define</c><00:13:40.839><c> Byzantine</c>

00:13:41.230 --> 00:13:41.240 align:start position:0%
normally people would Define Byzantine
 

00:13:41.240 --> 00:13:42.629 align:start position:0%
normally people would Define Byzantine
validator<00:13:41.720><c> oh</c><00:13:41.880><c> it</c><00:13:42.000><c> doesn't</c><00:13:42.240><c> follow</c><00:13:42.519><c> the</c>

00:13:42.629 --> 00:13:42.639 align:start position:0%
validator oh it doesn't follow the
 

00:13:42.639 --> 00:13:44.350 align:start position:0%
validator oh it doesn't follow the
protocol<00:13:43.360><c> but</c><00:13:43.560><c> here</c><00:13:43.760><c> what</c><00:13:43.880><c> we're</c><00:13:44.000><c> going</c><00:13:44.079><c> to</c><00:13:44.199><c> do</c>

00:13:44.350 --> 00:13:44.360 align:start position:0%
protocol but here what we're going to do
 

00:13:44.360 --> 00:13:46.350 align:start position:0%
protocol but here what we're going to do
is<00:13:44.839><c> Define</c><00:13:45.519><c> our</c><00:13:45.639><c> goal</c><00:13:45.839><c> is</c><00:13:45.920><c> to</c><00:13:46.040><c> Define</c>

00:13:46.350 --> 00:13:46.360 align:start position:0%
is Define our goal is to Define
 

00:13:46.360 --> 00:13:47.310 align:start position:0%
is Define our goal is to Define
everything<00:13:46.639><c> in</c><00:13:46.720><c> terms</c><00:13:46.920><c> of</c><00:13:47.000><c> the</c><00:13:47.120><c> data</c>

00:13:47.310 --> 00:13:47.320 align:start position:0%
everything in terms of the data
 

00:13:47.320 --> 00:13:48.710 align:start position:0%
everything in terms of the data
structure<00:13:47.680><c> that</c><00:13:47.760><c> we</c><00:13:47.880><c> set</c><00:13:48.040><c> out</c><00:13:48.240><c> initially</c>

00:13:48.710 --> 00:13:48.720 align:start position:0%
structure that we set out initially
 

00:13:48.720 --> 00:13:50.509 align:start position:0%
structure that we set out initially
right<00:13:49.440><c> um</c><00:13:49.600><c> we</c><00:13:49.720><c> haven't</c><00:13:49.959><c> even</c><00:13:50.079><c> said</c><00:13:50.279><c> what</c><00:13:50.399><c> the</c>

00:13:50.509 --> 00:13:50.519 align:start position:0%
right um we haven't even said what the
 

00:13:50.519 --> 00:13:52.069 align:start position:0%
right um we haven't even said what the
protocol<00:13:50.959><c> is</c><00:13:51.160><c> exactly</c><00:13:51.480><c> so</c><00:13:51.600><c> it's</c><00:13:51.720><c> saying</c><00:13:51.959><c> that</c>

00:13:52.069 --> 00:13:52.079 align:start position:0%
protocol is exactly so it's saying that
 

00:13:52.079 --> 00:13:53.550 align:start position:0%
protocol is exactly so it's saying that
it's<00:13:52.240><c> not</c><00:13:52.519><c> part</c><00:13:52.680><c> of</c><00:13:52.800><c> the</c><00:13:52.920><c> protocol</c><00:13:53.320><c> doesn't</c>

00:13:53.550 --> 00:13:53.560 align:start position:0%
it's not part of the protocol doesn't
 

00:13:53.560 --> 00:13:54.990 align:start position:0%
it's not part of the protocol doesn't
really<00:13:53.720><c> make</c><00:13:53.920><c> sense</c><00:13:54.320><c> and</c><00:13:54.440><c> we</c><00:13:54.519><c> want</c><00:13:54.639><c> to</c><00:13:54.759><c> make</c><00:13:54.880><c> it</c>

00:13:54.990 --> 00:13:55.000 align:start position:0%
really make sense and we want to make it
 

00:13:55.000 --> 00:13:56.470 align:start position:0%
really make sense and we want to make it
correct<00:13:55.320><c> by</c><00:13:55.440><c> construction</c><00:13:55.920><c> Byzantine</c><00:13:56.279><c> fault</c>

00:13:56.470 --> 00:13:56.480 align:start position:0%
correct by construction Byzantine fault
 

00:13:56.480 --> 00:13:58.069 align:start position:0%
correct by construction Byzantine fault
tolerance<00:13:56.959><c> so</c><00:13:57.360><c> we</c><00:13:57.480><c> can't</c><00:13:57.639><c> really</c><00:13:57.800><c> use</c><00:13:57.959><c> the</c>

00:13:58.069 --> 00:13:58.079 align:start position:0%
tolerance so we can't really use the
 

00:13:58.079 --> 00:13:59.430 align:start position:0%
tolerance so we can't really use the
definition<00:13:58.440><c> of</c><00:13:58.600><c> oh</c><00:13:58.839><c> if</c><00:13:58.880><c> you're</c><00:13:59.000><c> not</c><00:13:59.120><c> following</c>

00:13:59.430 --> 00:13:59.440 align:start position:0%
definition of oh if you're not following
 

00:13:59.440 --> 00:14:00.749 align:start position:0%
definition of oh if you're not following
the<00:13:59.600><c> protocol</c><00:14:00.040><c> then</c><00:14:00.160><c> you're</c><00:14:00.320><c> Byzantine</c>

00:14:00.749 --> 00:14:00.759 align:start position:0%
the protocol then you're Byzantine
 

00:14:00.759 --> 00:14:02.110 align:start position:0%
the protocol then you're Byzantine
because<00:14:01.120><c> we</c><00:14:01.240><c> haven't</c><00:14:01.399><c> even</c><00:14:01.560><c> constructed</c><00:14:02.000><c> the</c>

00:14:02.110 --> 00:14:02.120 align:start position:0%
because we haven't even constructed the
 

00:14:02.120 --> 00:14:03.910 align:start position:0%
because we haven't even constructed the
protocol<00:14:02.600><c> yet</c><00:14:02.839><c> right</c><00:14:03.440><c> uh</c><00:14:03.600><c> so</c><00:14:03.759><c> what</c><00:14:03.839><c> we're</c>

00:14:03.910 --> 00:14:03.920 align:start position:0%
protocol yet right uh so what we're
 

00:14:03.920 --> 00:14:05.430 align:start position:0%
protocol yet right uh so what we're
going<00:14:04.040><c> to</c><00:14:04.079><c> say</c><00:14:04.199><c> is</c><00:14:04.279><c> that</c><00:14:04.360><c> NOS</c><00:14:04.560><c> or</c><00:14:04.680><c> Byzantine</c><00:14:05.240><c> if</c>

00:14:05.430 --> 00:14:05.440 align:start position:0%
going to say is that NOS or Byzantine if
 

00:14:05.440 --> 00:14:07.389 align:start position:0%
going to say is that NOS or Byzantine if
they<00:14:05.680><c> either</c><00:14:05.880><c> produce</c><00:14:06.120><c> an</c><00:14:06.240><c> invalid</c><00:14:06.560><c> bet</c><00:14:07.000><c> or</c>

00:14:07.389 --> 00:14:07.399 align:start position:0%
they either produce an invalid bet or
 

00:14:07.399 --> 00:14:09.629 align:start position:0%
they either produce an invalid bet or
equivocate<00:14:08.399><c> and</c><00:14:08.639><c> this</c><00:14:08.720><c> is</c><00:14:08.959><c> great</c><00:14:09.279><c> because</c><00:14:09.519><c> in</c>

00:14:09.629 --> 00:14:09.639 align:start position:0%
equivocate and this is great because in
 

00:14:09.639 --> 00:14:10.990 align:start position:0%
equivocate and this is great because in
terms<00:14:09.839><c> of</c><00:14:09.959><c> our</c><00:14:10.079><c> little</c><00:14:10.240><c> data</c><00:14:10.480><c> structure</c><00:14:10.839><c> then</c>

00:14:10.990 --> 00:14:11.000 align:start position:0%
terms of our little data structure then
 

00:14:11.000 --> 00:14:12.150 align:start position:0%
terms of our little data structure then
like<00:14:11.120><c> either</c><00:14:11.279><c> you're</c><00:14:11.519><c> like</c><00:14:11.639><c> a</c><00:14:11.759><c> sequential</c>

00:14:12.150 --> 00:14:12.160 align:start position:0%
like either you're like a sequential
 

00:14:12.160 --> 00:14:14.110 align:start position:0%
like either you're like a sequential
node<00:14:12.440><c> that's</c><00:14:12.600><c> always</c><00:14:12.759><c> producing</c><00:14:13.120><c> valid</c><00:14:13.360><c> bets</c>

00:14:14.110 --> 00:14:14.120 align:start position:0%
node that's always producing valid bets
 

00:14:14.120 --> 00:14:16.629 align:start position:0%
node that's always producing valid bets
or<00:14:14.759><c> you've</c><00:14:15.079><c> done</c><00:14:15.320><c> some</c><00:14:15.680><c> craziness</c><00:14:16.360><c> and</c><00:14:16.440><c> you're</c>

00:14:16.629 --> 00:14:16.639 align:start position:0%
or you've done some craziness and you're
 

00:14:16.639 --> 00:14:18.910 align:start position:0%
or you've done some craziness and you're
lying<00:14:17.040><c> basically</c><00:14:17.320><c> you're</c><00:14:17.800><c> they</c><00:14:18.079><c> like</c><00:14:18.519><c> telling</c>

00:14:18.910 --> 00:14:18.920 align:start position:0%
lying basically you're they like telling
 

00:14:18.920 --> 00:14:20.269 align:start position:0%
lying basically you're they like telling
what<00:14:19.040><c> some</c><00:14:19.199><c> node</c><00:14:19.519><c> one</c><00:14:19.680><c> thing</c><00:14:19.839><c> telling</c><00:14:20.079><c> another</c>

00:14:20.269 --> 00:14:20.279 align:start position:0%
what some node one thing telling another
 

00:14:20.279 --> 00:14:22.710 align:start position:0%
what some node one thing telling another
node<00:14:20.480><c> the</c><00:14:20.560><c> other</c><00:14:20.759><c> thing</c><00:14:21.600><c> uh</c><00:14:22.360><c> or</c><00:14:22.519><c> you're</c>

00:14:22.710 --> 00:14:22.720 align:start position:0%
node the other thing uh or you're
 

00:14:22.720 --> 00:14:24.189 align:start position:0%
node the other thing uh or you're
producing<00:14:23.000><c> invalid</c><00:14:23.360><c> bets</c><00:14:23.600><c> and</c><00:14:23.720><c> and</c><00:14:24.000><c> and</c><00:14:24.079><c> those</c>

00:14:24.189 --> 00:14:24.199 align:start position:0%
producing invalid bets and and and those
 

00:14:24.199 --> 00:14:25.590 align:start position:0%
producing invalid bets and and and those
are<00:14:24.320><c> something</c><00:14:24.600><c> we</c><00:14:24.680><c> can</c><00:14:24.759><c> identify</c><00:14:25.199><c> in</c><00:14:25.279><c> our</c><00:14:25.399><c> bet</c>

00:14:25.590 --> 00:14:25.600 align:start position:0%
are something we can identify in our bet
 

00:14:25.600 --> 00:14:29.150 align:start position:0%
are something we can identify in our bet
structure<00:14:26.000><c> and</c><00:14:26.160><c> is</c><00:14:26.399><c> like</c><00:14:26.800><c> bad</c><00:14:27.240><c> right</c><00:14:28.040><c> uh</c><00:14:28.320><c> and</c><00:14:29.079><c> I</c>

00:14:29.150 --> 00:14:29.160 align:start position:0%
structure and is like bad right uh and I
 

00:14:29.160 --> 00:14:31.230 align:start position:0%
structure and is like bad right uh and I
lied<00:14:29.440><c> about</c><00:14:29.600><c> my</c><00:14:29.720><c> definition</c><00:14:30.120><c> of</c><00:14:30.720><c> of</c><00:14:30.839><c> invalid</c>

00:14:31.230 --> 00:14:31.240 align:start position:0%
lied about my definition of of invalid
 

00:14:31.240 --> 00:14:32.550 align:start position:0%
lied about my definition of of invalid
earlier<00:14:31.560><c> you</c><00:14:31.680><c> actually</c><00:14:31.880><c> have</c><00:14:31.959><c> to</c><00:14:32.079><c> include</c>

00:14:32.550 --> 00:14:32.560 align:start position:0%
earlier you actually have to include
 

00:14:32.560 --> 00:14:34.430 align:start position:0%
earlier you actually have to include
exclude<00:14:32.920><c> the</c><00:14:33.000><c> Byzantine</c><00:14:33.399><c> nodes</c><00:14:33.959><c> in</c><00:14:34.079><c> your</c>

00:14:34.430 --> 00:14:34.440 align:start position:0%
exclude the Byzantine nodes in your
 

00:14:34.440 --> 00:14:36.150 align:start position:0%
exclude the Byzantine nodes in your
calculation<00:14:34.959><c> here</c><00:14:35.480><c> so</c><00:14:35.680><c> like</c><00:14:35.800><c> you</c><00:14:35.880><c> know</c><00:14:35.959><c> if</c><00:14:36.040><c> a</c>

00:14:36.150 --> 00:14:36.160 align:start position:0%
calculation here so like you know if a
 

00:14:36.160 --> 00:14:38.310 align:start position:0%
calculation here so like you know if a
bet<00:14:36.399><c> has</c><00:14:36.560><c> if</c><00:14:36.680><c> a</c><00:14:36.920><c> if</c><00:14:37.040><c> a</c><00:14:37.320><c> node</c><00:14:37.639><c> has</c><00:14:37.800><c> two</c><00:14:38.000><c> latest</c>

00:14:38.310 --> 00:14:38.320 align:start position:0%
bet has if a if a node has two latest
 

00:14:38.320 --> 00:14:39.550 align:start position:0%
bet has if a if a node has two latest
bets<00:14:38.560><c> you</c><00:14:38.680><c> just</c><00:14:38.800><c> like</c><00:14:38.920><c> drop</c><00:14:39.120><c> their</c><00:14:39.240><c> weight</c><00:14:39.399><c> to</c>

00:14:39.550 --> 00:14:39.560 align:start position:0%
bets you just like drop their weight to
 

00:14:39.560 --> 00:14:41.470 align:start position:0%
bets you just like drop their weight to
zero<00:14:40.279><c> uh</c><00:14:40.360><c> if</c><00:14:40.440><c> a</c><00:14:40.560><c> node</c><00:14:40.759><c> made</c><00:14:40.880><c> an</c><00:14:41.000><c> invalid</c><00:14:41.360><c> bet</c>

00:14:41.470 --> 00:14:41.480 align:start position:0%
zero uh if a node made an invalid bet
 

00:14:41.480 --> 00:14:43.670 align:start position:0%
zero uh if a node made an invalid bet
you<00:14:41.560><c> drop</c><00:14:41.759><c> their</c><00:14:41.839><c> weight</c><00:14:42.000><c> to</c><00:14:42.240><c> zero</c><00:14:43.240><c> um</c><00:14:43.560><c> here</c>

00:14:43.670 --> 00:14:43.680 align:start position:0%
you drop their weight to zero um here
 

00:14:43.680 --> 00:14:45.590 align:start position:0%
you drop their weight to zero um here
are<00:14:43.800><c> some</c><00:14:43.959><c> invalid</c><00:14:44.320><c> bets</c><00:14:44.880><c> there's</c><00:14:45.240><c> like</c><00:14:45.399><c> not</c>

00:14:45.590 --> 00:14:45.600 align:start position:0%
are some invalid bets there's like not
 

00:14:45.600 --> 00:14:47.509 align:start position:0%
are some invalid bets there's like not
majority<00:14:46.040><c> estimates</c><00:14:46.440><c> given</c><00:14:46.680><c> the</c><00:14:46.800><c> weights</c>

00:14:47.509 --> 00:14:47.519 align:start position:0%
majority estimates given the weights
 

00:14:47.519 --> 00:14:49.790 align:start position:0%
majority estimates given the weights
that<00:14:47.600><c> were</c><00:14:47.800><c> observed</c><00:14:48.399><c> below</c><00:14:49.399><c> uh</c><00:14:49.519><c> I'm</c><00:14:49.680><c> just</c>

00:14:49.790 --> 00:14:49.800 align:start position:0%
that were observed below uh I'm just
 

00:14:49.800 --> 00:14:50.949 align:start position:0%
that were observed below uh I'm just
going<00:14:49.880><c> to</c><00:14:50.040><c> power</c><00:14:50.320><c> through</c><00:14:50.519><c> because</c><00:14:50.720><c> we've</c><00:14:50.839><c> got</c>

00:14:50.949 --> 00:14:50.959 align:start position:0%
going to power through because we've got
 

00:14:50.959 --> 00:14:54.269 align:start position:0%
going to power through because we've got
a<00:14:51.040><c> lot</c><00:14:51.160><c> to</c><00:14:51.320><c> cover</c><00:14:52.160><c> um</c><00:14:52.839><c> so</c><00:14:53.360><c> basically</c><00:14:53.920><c> an</c><00:14:54.120><c> an</c>

00:14:54.269 --> 00:14:54.279 align:start position:0%
a lot to cover um so basically an an
 

00:14:54.279 --> 00:14:56.430 align:start position:0%
a lot to cover um so basically an an
estimate<00:14:54.639><c> is</c><00:14:54.839><c> safe</c><00:14:55.079><c> in</c><00:14:55.240><c> a</c>

00:14:56.430 --> 00:14:56.440 align:start position:0%
estimate is safe in a
 

00:14:56.440 --> 00:14:59.870 align:start position:0%
estimate is safe in a
view<00:14:57.560><c> uh</c><00:14:58.560><c> uh</c>

00:14:59.870 --> 00:14:59.880 align:start position:0%
view uh uh
 

00:14:59.880 --> 00:15:02.470 align:start position:0%
view uh uh
basically<00:15:00.800><c> if</c>

00:15:02.470 --> 00:15:02.480 align:start position:0%
basically if
 

00:15:02.480 --> 00:15:06.310 align:start position:0%
basically if
um<00:15:03.480><c> there</c><00:15:03.839><c> there</c><00:15:03.959><c> is</c><00:15:04.120><c> no</c><00:15:04.440><c> possible</c><00:15:04.920><c> future</c><00:15:05.680><c> of</c>

00:15:06.310 --> 00:15:06.320 align:start position:0%
um there there is no possible future of
 

00:15:06.320 --> 00:15:08.990 align:start position:0%
um there there is no possible future of
an<00:15:07.279><c> of</c><00:15:07.720><c> the</c><00:15:07.920><c> view</c><00:15:08.480><c> which</c><00:15:08.600><c> means</c><00:15:08.839><c> like</c>

00:15:08.990 --> 00:15:09.000 align:start position:0%
an of the view which means like
 

00:15:09.000 --> 00:15:11.030 align:start position:0%
an of the view which means like
additions<00:15:09.320><c> of</c><00:15:09.480><c> bets</c><00:15:09.759><c> to</c><00:15:09.920><c> that</c><00:15:10.079><c> view</c><00:15:10.639><c> where</c><00:15:10.839><c> the</c>

00:15:11.030 --> 00:15:11.040 align:start position:0%
additions of bets to that view where the
 

00:15:11.040 --> 00:15:13.870 align:start position:0%
additions of bets to that view where the
estimate<00:15:11.519><c> is</c><00:15:11.720><c> changed</c><00:15:12.720><c> um</c><00:15:13.120><c> in</c><00:15:13.240><c> a</c><00:15:13.440><c> particular</c>

00:15:13.870 --> 00:15:13.880 align:start position:0%
estimate is changed um in a particular
 

00:15:13.880 --> 00:15:14.949 align:start position:0%
estimate is changed um in a particular
context<00:15:14.199><c> in</c><00:15:14.320><c> this</c><00:15:14.399><c> case</c><00:15:14.519><c> we're</c><00:15:14.680><c> just</c><00:15:14.800><c> talking</c>

00:15:14.949 --> 00:15:14.959 align:start position:0%
context in this case we're just talking
 

00:15:14.959 --> 00:15:16.829 align:start position:0%
context in this case we're just talking
about<00:15:15.040><c> an</c><00:15:15.160><c> asynchronous</c><00:15:15.720><c> Network</c><00:15:16.040><c> so</c><00:15:16.399><c> so</c><00:15:16.639><c> an</c>

00:15:16.829 --> 00:15:16.839 align:start position:0%
about an asynchronous Network so so an
 

00:15:16.839 --> 00:15:18.230 align:start position:0%
about an asynchronous Network so so an
estimate<00:15:17.199><c> is</c><00:15:17.320><c> safe</c><00:15:17.480><c> in</c><00:15:17.600><c> an</c><00:15:17.720><c> asynchronous</c>

00:15:18.230 --> 00:15:18.240 align:start position:0%
estimate is safe in an asynchronous
 

00:15:18.240 --> 00:15:20.230 align:start position:0%
estimate is safe in an asynchronous
network<00:15:18.680><c> if</c><00:15:19.040><c> no</c><00:15:19.199><c> matter</c><00:15:19.440><c> what</c><00:15:19.639><c> valid</c><00:15:19.880><c> bets</c><00:15:20.120><c> you</c>

00:15:20.230 --> 00:15:20.240 align:start position:0%
network if no matter what valid bets you
 

00:15:20.240 --> 00:15:21.550 align:start position:0%
network if no matter what valid bets you
added<00:15:20.560><c> no</c><00:15:20.680><c> matter</c><00:15:20.880><c> what</c><00:15:20.959><c> Communications</c>

00:15:21.550 --> 00:15:21.560 align:start position:0%
added no matter what Communications
 

00:15:21.560 --> 00:15:23.350 align:start position:0%
added no matter what Communications
occur<00:15:22.120><c> the</c><00:15:22.240><c> majority</c><00:15:22.639><c> estimate</c><00:15:23.000><c> just</c><00:15:23.120><c> won't</c>

00:15:23.350 --> 00:15:23.360 align:start position:0%
occur the majority estimate just won't
 

00:15:23.360 --> 00:15:25.230 align:start position:0%
occur the majority estimate just won't
change<00:15:23.800><c> so</c><00:15:24.000><c> all</c><00:15:24.240><c> possible</c><00:15:24.519><c> futures</c><00:15:24.959><c> of</c><00:15:25.079><c> this</c>

00:15:25.230 --> 00:15:25.240 align:start position:0%
change so all possible futures of this
 

00:15:25.240 --> 00:15:27.910 align:start position:0%
change so all possible futures of this
state<00:15:25.440><c> of</c><00:15:25.560><c> the</c><00:15:25.920><c> protocol</c><00:15:26.920><c> in</c><00:15:27.440><c> just</c><00:15:27.639><c> only</c>

00:15:27.910 --> 00:15:27.920 align:start position:0%
state of the protocol in just only
 

00:15:27.920 --> 00:15:30.710 align:start position:0%
state of the protocol in just only
asynchronous<00:15:29.040><c> conditions</c><00:15:29.399><c> I.E</c><00:15:29.720><c> like</c><00:15:29.880><c> any</c>

00:15:30.710 --> 00:15:30.720 align:start position:0%
asynchronous conditions I.E like any
 

00:15:30.720 --> 00:15:32.470 align:start position:0%
asynchronous conditions I.E like any
causally<00:15:31.120><c> consistent</c><00:15:31.440><c> sequence</c><00:15:31.720><c> of</c><00:15:32.120><c> of</c>

00:15:32.470 --> 00:15:32.480 align:start position:0%
causally consistent sequence of of
 

00:15:32.480 --> 00:15:35.949 align:start position:0%
causally consistent sequence of of
message<00:15:32.800><c> passing</c><00:15:33.120><c> is</c><00:15:33.240><c> cool</c><00:15:34.240><c> uh</c><00:15:35.079><c> um</c><00:15:35.319><c> there's</c>

00:15:35.949 --> 00:15:35.959 align:start position:0%
message passing is cool uh um there's
 

00:15:35.959 --> 00:15:39.110 align:start position:0%
message passing is cool uh um there's
there<00:15:36.639><c> the</c><00:15:36.759><c> estimate</c><00:15:37.079><c> is</c><00:15:37.199><c> the</c><00:15:37.720><c> same</c><00:15:38.720><c> or</c><00:15:39.000><c> there</c>

00:15:39.110 --> 00:15:39.120 align:start position:0%
there the estimate is the same or there
 

00:15:39.120 --> 00:15:40.670 align:start position:0%
there the estimate is the same or there
is<00:15:39.319><c> no</c><00:15:39.560><c> possible</c><00:15:39.839><c> future</c><00:15:40.160><c> where</c><00:15:40.279><c> the</c><00:15:40.360><c> estimate</c>

00:15:40.670 --> 00:15:40.680 align:start position:0%
is no possible future where the estimate
 

00:15:40.680 --> 00:15:42.389 align:start position:0%
is no possible future where the estimate
is<00:15:40.800><c> different</c><00:15:41.160><c> then</c><00:15:41.279><c> it's</c><00:15:41.519><c> then</c><00:15:41.639><c> it's</c><00:15:41.839><c> safe</c>

00:15:42.389 --> 00:15:42.399 align:start position:0%
is different then it's then it's safe
 

00:15:42.399 --> 00:15:43.990 align:start position:0%
is different then it's then it's safe
but<00:15:42.560><c> this</c><00:15:42.639><c> is</c><00:15:42.839><c> kind</c><00:15:42.959><c> of</c><00:15:43.600><c> uh</c><00:15:43.720><c> not</c><00:15:43.880><c> a</c>

00:15:43.990 --> 00:15:44.000 align:start position:0%
but this is kind of uh not a
 

00:15:44.000 --> 00:15:45.829 align:start position:0%
but this is kind of uh not a
constructive<00:15:44.480><c> definition</c><00:15:45.079><c> so</c><00:15:45.240><c> that</c><00:15:45.360><c> won't</c><00:15:45.600><c> do</c>

00:15:45.829 --> 00:15:45.839 align:start position:0%
constructive definition so that won't do
 

00:15:45.839 --> 00:15:47.470 align:start position:0%
constructive definition so that won't do
for<00:15:46.040><c> our</c><00:15:46.160><c> correct</c><00:15:46.399><c> by</c><00:15:46.600><c> construction</c><00:15:47.199><c> kind</c><00:15:47.319><c> of</c>

00:15:47.470 --> 00:15:47.480 align:start position:0%
for our correct by construction kind of
 

00:15:47.480 --> 00:15:49.829 align:start position:0%
for our correct by construction kind of
thing<00:15:47.959><c> what</c><00:15:48.079><c> we</c><00:15:48.160><c> need</c><00:15:48.279><c> to</c><00:15:48.360><c> do</c><00:15:48.600><c> instead</c><00:15:49.000><c> is</c>

00:15:49.829 --> 00:15:49.839 align:start position:0%
thing what we need to do instead is
 

00:15:49.839 --> 00:15:51.990 align:start position:0%
thing what we need to do instead is
calculate<00:15:50.759><c> safety</c><00:15:51.199><c> by</c><00:15:51.399><c> producing</c><00:15:51.800><c> this</c>

00:15:51.990 --> 00:15:52.000 align:start position:0%
calculate safety by producing this
 

00:15:52.000 --> 00:15:54.590 align:start position:0%
calculate safety by producing this
adversary<00:15:52.800><c> that</c><00:15:52.959><c> tries</c><00:15:53.199><c> to</c><00:15:53.399><c> kind</c><00:15:53.519><c> of</c><00:15:54.160><c> make</c><00:15:54.480><c> the</c>

00:15:54.590 --> 00:15:54.600 align:start position:0%
adversary that tries to kind of make the
 

00:15:54.600 --> 00:15:56.790 align:start position:0%
adversary that tries to kind of make the
network<00:15:55.079><c> condition</c><00:15:55.360><c> happen</c><00:15:56.160><c> um</c><00:15:56.319><c> that</c><00:15:56.440><c> changes</c>

00:15:56.790 --> 00:15:56.800 align:start position:0%
network condition happen um that changes
 

00:15:56.800 --> 00:15:59.269 align:start position:0%
network condition happen um that changes
the<00:15:56.920><c> estimate</c><00:15:57.759><c> so</c><00:15:57.920><c> here's</c><00:15:58.120><c> an</c><00:15:58.279><c> example</c><00:15:58.720><c> of</c><00:15:58.839><c> an</c>

00:15:59.269 --> 00:15:59.279 align:start position:0%
the estimate so here's an example of an
 

00:15:59.279 --> 00:16:01.990 align:start position:0%
the estimate so here's an example of an
an<00:15:59.480><c> adversary</c><00:16:00.399><c> that</c><00:16:00.600><c> like</c><00:16:00.800><c> shows</c><00:16:01.440><c> this</c><00:16:01.639><c> bet</c>

00:16:01.990 --> 00:16:02.000 align:start position:0%
an adversary that like shows this bet
 

00:16:02.000 --> 00:16:04.309 align:start position:0%
an adversary that like shows this bet
from<00:16:02.600><c> from</c><00:16:02.800><c> validator</c><00:16:03.240><c> 3</c><00:16:03.440><c> to</c><00:16:03.600><c> validator</c><00:16:04.000><c> 2</c><00:16:04.240><c> in</c>

00:16:04.309 --> 00:16:04.319 align:start position:0%
from from validator 3 to validator 2 in
 

00:16:04.319 --> 00:16:06.030 align:start position:0%
from from validator 3 to validator 2 in
order<00:16:04.519><c> to</c><00:16:04.639><c> induce</c><00:16:04.959><c> validator</c><00:16:05.319><c> 2</c><00:16:05.519><c> to</c><00:16:05.680><c> produce</c><00:16:05.920><c> a</c>

00:16:06.030 --> 00:16:06.040 align:start position:0%
order to induce validator 2 to produce a
 

00:16:06.040 --> 00:16:07.910 align:start position:0%
order to induce validator 2 to produce a
new<00:16:06.199><c> bet</c><00:16:06.560><c> because</c><00:16:06.800><c> now</c><00:16:07.040><c> validator</c><00:16:07.440><c> 2</c><00:16:07.639><c> sees</c><00:16:07.800><c> a</c>

00:16:07.910 --> 00:16:07.920 align:start position:0%
new bet because now validator 2 sees a
 

00:16:07.920 --> 00:16:09.749 align:start position:0%
new bet because now validator 2 sees a
different<00:16:08.079><c> max</c><00:16:08.360><c> weight</c><00:16:08.560><c> estimate</c><00:16:09.440><c> uh</c><00:16:09.560><c> and</c>

00:16:09.749 --> 00:16:09.759 align:start position:0%
different max weight estimate uh and
 

00:16:09.759 --> 00:16:11.269 align:start position:0%
different max weight estimate uh and
that<00:16:09.959><c> changes</c><00:16:10.399><c> the</c><00:16:10.519><c> overall</c><00:16:10.839><c> max</c><00:16:11.079><c> weight</c>

00:16:11.269 --> 00:16:11.279 align:start position:0%
that changes the overall max weight
 

00:16:11.279 --> 00:16:14.030 align:start position:0%
that changes the overall max weight
estimate<00:16:11.600><c> that</c><00:16:11.720><c> we</c><00:16:11.880><c> see</c><00:16:12.680><c> from</c><00:16:13.360><c> the</c><00:16:13.680><c> The</c><00:16:13.759><c> View</c>

00:16:14.030 --> 00:16:14.040 align:start position:0%
estimate that we see from the The View
 

00:16:14.040 --> 00:16:15.829 align:start position:0%
estimate that we see from the The View
as<00:16:14.120><c> a</c><00:16:14.279><c> whole</c><00:16:14.600><c> so</c><00:16:14.800><c> like</c><00:16:14.920><c> that</c><00:16:15.120><c> first</c><00:16:15.399><c> view</c><00:16:15.639><c> was</c>

00:16:15.829 --> 00:16:15.839 align:start position:0%
as a whole so like that first view was
 

00:16:15.839 --> 00:16:19.430 align:start position:0%
as a whole so like that first view was
like<00:16:16.000><c> not</c><00:16:16.560><c> safe</c><00:16:17.560><c> um</c><00:16:18.319><c> and</c><00:16:18.560><c> and</c><00:16:18.920><c> basically</c><00:16:19.319><c> we</c>

00:16:19.430 --> 00:16:19.440 align:start position:0%
like not safe um and and basically we
 

00:16:19.440 --> 00:16:20.470 align:start position:0%
like not safe um and and basically we
have<00:16:19.560><c> a</c><00:16:19.639><c> slight</c><00:16:19.880><c> issue</c><00:16:20.079><c> when</c><00:16:20.160><c> we're</c><00:16:20.240><c> trying</c><00:16:20.399><c> to</c>

00:16:20.470 --> 00:16:20.480 align:start position:0%
have a slight issue when we're trying to
 

00:16:20.480 --> 00:16:22.150 align:start position:0%
have a slight issue when we're trying to
calculate<00:16:20.880><c> this</c><00:16:21.120><c> this</c><00:16:21.360><c> this</c><00:16:21.519><c> this</c><00:16:21.680><c> adversary</c>

00:16:22.150 --> 00:16:22.160 align:start position:0%
calculate this this this this adversary
 

00:16:22.160 --> 00:16:24.470 align:start position:0%
calculate this this this this adversary
because<00:16:22.279><c> we</c><00:16:22.360><c> have</c><00:16:22.560><c> side</c><00:16:22.800><c> effects</c><00:16:23.759><c> uh</c><00:16:24.000><c> so</c><00:16:24.360><c> so</c>

00:16:24.470 --> 00:16:24.480 align:start position:0%
because we have side effects uh so so
 

00:16:24.480 --> 00:16:25.309 align:start position:0%
because we have side effects uh so so
what<00:16:24.560><c> we're</c><00:16:24.639><c> going</c><00:16:24.759><c> to</c><00:16:24.800><c> do</c><00:16:24.880><c> is</c><00:16:25.040><c> actually</c><00:16:25.240><c> have</c>

00:16:25.309 --> 00:16:25.319 align:start position:0%
what we're going to do is actually have
 

00:16:25.319 --> 00:16:27.309 align:start position:0%
what we're going to do is actually have
a<00:16:25.440><c> lower</c><00:16:25.720><c> bound</c><00:16:26.160><c> and</c><00:16:26.279><c> ignore</c><00:16:26.639><c> ignore</c><00:16:26.959><c> the</c><00:16:27.120><c> side</c>

00:16:27.309 --> 00:16:27.319 align:start position:0%
a lower bound and ignore ignore the side
 

00:16:27.319 --> 00:16:29.309 align:start position:0%
a lower bound and ignore ignore the side
effects<00:16:27.839><c> basically</c><00:16:28.600><c> because</c><00:16:28.959><c> the</c><00:16:29.120><c> side</c>

00:16:29.309 --> 00:16:29.319 align:start position:0%
effects basically because the side
 

00:16:29.319 --> 00:16:30.749 align:start position:0%
effects basically because the side
effects<00:16:29.720><c> if</c><00:16:29.839><c> they</c><00:16:29.959><c> help</c><00:16:30.160><c> the</c><00:16:30.279><c> attacker</c><00:16:30.680><c> the</c>

00:16:30.749 --> 00:16:30.759 align:start position:0%
effects if they help the attacker the
 

00:16:30.759 --> 00:16:32.269 align:start position:0%
effects if they help the attacker the
attacker<00:16:31.120><c> can</c><00:16:31.319><c> can</c><00:16:31.560><c> go</c><00:16:31.759><c> with</c><00:16:31.920><c> and</c><00:16:32.040><c> if</c><00:16:32.160><c> they</c>

00:16:32.269 --> 00:16:32.279 align:start position:0%
attacker can can go with and if they
 

00:16:32.279 --> 00:16:33.590 align:start position:0%
attacker can can go with and if they
don't<00:16:32.560><c> the</c><00:16:32.680><c> attacker</c><00:16:32.920><c> will</c><00:16:33.079><c> ignore</c><00:16:33.360><c> so</c><00:16:33.480><c> this</c>

00:16:33.590 --> 00:16:33.600 align:start position:0%
don't the attacker will ignore so this
 

00:16:33.600 --> 00:16:35.870 align:start position:0%
don't the attacker will ignore so this
attacker<00:16:33.920><c> is</c><00:16:34.560><c> stronger</c><00:16:34.839><c> than</c><00:16:35.040><c> normal</c><00:16:35.600><c> so</c><00:16:35.759><c> if</c>

00:16:35.870 --> 00:16:35.880 align:start position:0%
attacker is stronger than normal so if
 

00:16:35.880 --> 00:16:37.670 align:start position:0%
attacker is stronger than normal so if
this<00:16:36.000><c> attacker</c><00:16:36.319><c> fails</c><00:16:37.000><c> then</c><00:16:37.160><c> definitely</c><00:16:37.519><c> your</c>

00:16:37.670 --> 00:16:37.680 align:start position:0%
this attacker fails then definitely your
 

00:16:37.680 --> 00:16:41.910 align:start position:0%
this attacker fails then definitely your
thing<00:16:37.839><c> is</c><00:16:38.000><c> safe</c><00:16:39.160><c> um</c><00:16:40.160><c> uh</c><00:16:40.959><c> uh</c><00:16:41.120><c> so</c><00:16:41.360><c> basically</c><00:16:41.800><c> the</c>

00:16:41.910 --> 00:16:41.920 align:start position:0%
thing is safe um uh uh so basically the
 

00:16:41.920 --> 00:16:43.949 align:start position:0%
thing is safe um uh uh so basically the
way<00:16:42.120><c> that</c><00:16:42.279><c> to</c><00:16:42.600><c> con</c><00:16:42.920><c> do</c><00:16:43.120><c> the</c><00:16:43.279><c> constru</c>

00:16:43.949 --> 00:16:43.959 align:start position:0%
way that to con do the constru
 

00:16:43.959 --> 00:16:48.189 align:start position:0%
way that to con do the constru
construction<00:16:44.639><c> for</c><00:16:45.639><c> uh</c><00:16:46.240><c> the</c><00:16:46.440><c> ideal</c><00:16:47.440><c> the</c><00:16:47.600><c> ideal</c>

00:16:48.189 --> 00:16:48.199 align:start position:0%
construction for uh the ideal the ideal
 

00:16:48.199 --> 00:16:50.269 align:start position:0%
construction for uh the ideal the ideal
attacker<00:16:48.639><c> for</c><00:16:49.079><c> an</c><00:16:49.319><c> asynchronous</c><00:16:49.839><c> network</c><00:16:50.120><c> is</c>

00:16:50.269 --> 00:16:50.279 align:start position:0%
attacker for an asynchronous network is
 

00:16:50.279 --> 00:16:52.710 align:start position:0%
attacker for an asynchronous network is
basically<00:16:50.800><c> to</c><00:16:51.000><c> only</c><00:16:51.319><c> allow</c><00:16:51.639><c> bets</c><00:16:52.000><c> that</c><00:16:52.240><c> have</c>

00:16:52.710 --> 00:16:52.720 align:start position:0%
basically to only allow bets that have
 

00:16:52.720 --> 00:16:55.470 align:start position:0%
basically to only allow bets that have
the<00:16:53.440><c> uh</c><00:16:53.639><c> the</c><00:16:54.360><c> the</c><00:16:54.720><c> don't</c><00:16:54.920><c> have</c><00:16:55.040><c> the</c><00:16:55.160><c> victim</c>

00:16:55.470 --> 00:16:55.480 align:start position:0%
the uh the the don't have the victim
 

00:16:55.480 --> 00:16:57.309 align:start position:0%
the uh the the don't have the victim
estimate<00:16:55.800><c> in</c><00:16:55.959><c> there</c><00:16:56.360><c> to</c><00:16:56.560><c> travel</c><00:16:56.959><c> and</c><00:16:57.079><c> only</c>

00:16:57.309 --> 00:16:57.319 align:start position:0%
estimate in there to travel and only
 

00:16:57.319 --> 00:16:59.230 align:start position:0%
estimate in there to travel and only
allow<00:16:57.680><c> bets</c><00:16:57.920><c> that</c><00:16:58.040><c> don't</c><00:16:58.199><c> have</c><00:16:58.639><c> victim</c><00:16:59.120><c> the</c>

00:16:59.230 --> 00:16:59.240 align:start position:0%
allow bets that don't have victim the
 

00:16:59.240 --> 00:17:01.550 align:start position:0%
allow bets that don't have victim the
victim<00:16:59.560><c> is</c><00:16:59.839><c> estimate</c><00:17:00.120><c> in</c><00:17:00.199><c> there</c><00:17:00.360><c> to</c><00:17:00.440><c> be</c><00:17:00.600><c> made</c>

00:17:01.550 --> 00:17:01.560 align:start position:0%
victim is estimate in there to be made
 

00:17:01.560 --> 00:17:04.230 align:start position:0%
victim is estimate in there to be made
so<00:17:02.399><c> the</c><00:17:02.759><c> the</c><00:17:02.959><c> adversary</c><00:17:03.480><c> just</c><00:17:03.600><c> like</c><00:17:03.759><c> stops</c><00:17:04.079><c> all</c>

00:17:04.230 --> 00:17:04.240 align:start position:0%
so the the adversary just like stops all
 

00:17:04.240 --> 00:17:05.789 align:start position:0%
so the the adversary just like stops all
bets<00:17:04.480><c> that</c><00:17:04.640><c> disagree</c><00:17:05.079><c> with</c><00:17:05.199><c> his</c><00:17:05.360><c> estimate</c>

00:17:05.789 --> 00:17:05.799 align:start position:0%
bets that disagree with his estimate
 

00:17:05.799 --> 00:17:08.429 align:start position:0%
bets that disagree with his estimate
from<00:17:05.959><c> traveling</c><00:17:06.439><c> across</c><00:17:06.679><c> the</c><00:17:06.919><c> network</c><00:17:07.919><c> um</c><00:17:08.319><c> and</c>

00:17:08.429 --> 00:17:08.439 align:start position:0%
from traveling across the network um and
 

00:17:08.439 --> 00:17:09.990 align:start position:0%
from traveling across the network um and
like<00:17:08.640><c> that's</c><00:17:08.839><c> the</c><00:17:08.959><c> kind</c><00:17:09.079><c> of</c><00:17:09.240><c> Ideal</c><00:17:09.640><c> Network</c>

00:17:09.990 --> 00:17:10.000 align:start position:0%
like that's the kind of Ideal Network
 

00:17:10.000 --> 00:17:12.350 align:start position:0%
like that's the kind of Ideal Network
adversary<00:17:10.439><c> for</c><00:17:10.559><c> an</c><00:17:10.679><c> asynchronous</c><00:17:11.240><c> network</c><00:17:12.240><c> uh</c>

00:17:12.350 --> 00:17:12.360 align:start position:0%
adversary for an asynchronous network uh
 

00:17:12.360 --> 00:17:13.390 align:start position:0%
adversary for an asynchronous network uh
and<00:17:12.439><c> then</c><00:17:12.559><c> the</c><00:17:12.720><c> decision</c><00:17:13.039><c> rule</c><00:17:13.240><c> in</c>

00:17:13.390 --> 00:17:13.400 align:start position:0%
and then the decision rule in
 

00:17:13.400 --> 00:17:14.909 align:start position:0%
and then the decision rule in
asynchronous<00:17:13.839><c> network</c><00:17:14.120><c> is</c><00:17:14.360><c> oh</c><00:17:14.640><c> once</c><00:17:14.799><c> I</c>

00:17:14.909 --> 00:17:14.919 align:start position:0%
asynchronous network is oh once I
 

00:17:14.919 --> 00:17:16.270 align:start position:0%
asynchronous network is oh once I
calculate<00:17:15.319><c> that</c><00:17:15.439><c> my</c><00:17:15.559><c> estimate</c><00:17:15.880><c> can't</c><00:17:16.039><c> change</c>

00:17:16.270 --> 00:17:16.280 align:start position:0%
calculate that my estimate can't change
 

00:17:16.280 --> 00:17:19.590 align:start position:0%
calculate that my estimate can't change
under<00:17:16.520><c> this</c><00:17:16.640><c> ideal</c><00:17:17.160><c> adversary</c><00:17:18.160><c> I</c><00:17:18.400><c> decide</c><00:17:19.400><c> and</c>

00:17:19.590 --> 00:17:19.600 align:start position:0%
under this ideal adversary I decide and
 

00:17:19.600 --> 00:17:21.990 align:start position:0%
under this ideal adversary I decide and
that's<00:17:19.760><c> correct</c><00:17:20.079><c> by</c><00:17:20.199><c> construction</c><00:17:21.000><c> because</c>

00:17:21.990 --> 00:17:22.000 align:start position:0%
that's correct by construction because
 

00:17:22.000 --> 00:17:26.590 align:start position:0%
that's correct by construction because
um<00:17:22.760><c> you</c><00:17:22.880><c> know</c><00:17:23.160><c> the</c><00:17:23.520><c> the</c><00:17:24.039><c> there's</c><00:17:24.360><c> no</c><00:17:24.760><c> way</c><00:17:25.760><c> um</c>

00:17:26.590 --> 00:17:26.600 align:start position:0%
um you know the the there's no way um
 

00:17:26.600 --> 00:17:30.510 align:start position:0%
um you know the the there's no way um
for<00:17:26.959><c> two</c><00:17:27.280><c> NOS</c><00:17:27.799><c> in</c><00:17:27.959><c> the</c><00:17:28.039><c> same</c><00:17:28.720><c> in</c><00:17:28.919><c> the</c><00:17:29.919><c> in</c><00:17:30.039><c> the</c><00:17:30.240><c> in</c>

00:17:30.510 --> 00:17:30.520 align:start position:0%
for two NOS in the same in the in the in
 

00:17:30.520 --> 00:17:33.110 align:start position:0%
for two NOS in the same in the in the in
in<00:17:30.600><c> the</c><00:17:30.720><c> network</c><00:17:31.080><c> to</c><00:17:32.039><c> disagree</c><00:17:32.679><c> about</c><00:17:32.919><c> whether</c>

00:17:33.110 --> 00:17:33.120 align:start position:0%
in the network to disagree about whether
 

00:17:33.120 --> 00:17:34.390 align:start position:0%
in the network to disagree about whether
there's<00:17:33.320><c> a</c><00:17:33.480><c> possible</c><00:17:33.760><c> future</c><00:17:34.120><c> of</c><00:17:34.280><c> that</c>

00:17:34.390 --> 00:17:34.400 align:start position:0%
there's a possible future of that
 

00:17:34.400 --> 00:17:35.710 align:start position:0%
there's a possible future of that
Network<00:17:34.720><c> where</c><00:17:34.919><c> they</c><00:17:35.080><c> have</c><00:17:35.320><c> different</c>

00:17:35.710 --> 00:17:35.720 align:start position:0%
Network where they have different
 

00:17:35.720 --> 00:17:38.669 align:start position:0%
Network where they have different
estimates<00:17:36.720><c> um</c><00:17:37.720><c> because</c><00:17:38.160><c> they're</c><00:17:38.440><c> they're</c>

00:17:38.669 --> 00:17:38.679 align:start position:0%
estimates um because they're they're
 

00:17:38.679 --> 00:17:39.669 align:start position:0%
estimates um because they're they're
they're<00:17:38.880><c> because</c><00:17:39.080><c> they're</c><00:17:39.200><c> both</c><00:17:39.360><c> modeling</c>

00:17:39.669 --> 00:17:39.679 align:start position:0%
they're because they're both modeling
 

00:17:39.679 --> 00:17:41.110 align:start position:0%
they're because they're both modeling
this<00:17:39.799><c> asynchronous</c><00:17:40.360><c> network</c><00:17:40.720><c> it's</c><00:17:40.880><c> a</c><00:17:41.000><c> little</c>

00:17:41.110 --> 00:17:41.120 align:start position:0%
this asynchronous network it's a little
 

00:17:41.120 --> 00:17:42.549 align:start position:0%
this asynchronous network it's a little
bit<00:17:41.240><c> of</c><00:17:41.320><c> a</c><00:17:41.360><c> subtle</c><00:17:41.640><c> argument</c><00:17:42.120><c> basically</c>

00:17:42.549 --> 00:17:42.559 align:start position:0%
bit of a subtle argument basically
 

00:17:42.559 --> 00:17:44.110 align:start position:0%
bit of a subtle argument basically
because<00:17:43.400><c> uh</c><00:17:43.520><c> if</c><00:17:43.640><c> they</c><00:17:43.760><c> have</c><00:17:43.919><c> different</c>

00:17:44.110 --> 00:17:44.120 align:start position:0%
because uh if they have different
 

00:17:44.120 --> 00:17:45.150 align:start position:0%
because uh if they have different
estimate<00:17:44.520><c> then</c><00:17:44.640><c> one</c><00:17:44.720><c> of</c><00:17:44.799><c> them</c><00:17:44.919><c> has</c><00:17:45.000><c> to</c><00:17:45.080><c> be</c>

00:17:45.150 --> 00:17:45.160 align:start position:0%
estimate then one of them has to be
 

00:17:45.160 --> 00:17:46.390 align:start position:0%
estimate then one of them has to be
later<00:17:45.440><c> than</c><00:17:45.559><c> the</c><00:17:45.640><c> other</c><00:17:45.840><c> which</c><00:17:45.960><c> meant</c><00:17:46.240><c> that</c>

00:17:46.390 --> 00:17:46.400 align:start position:0%
later than the other which meant that
 

00:17:46.400 --> 00:17:48.470 align:start position:0%
later than the other which meant that
the<00:17:46.559><c> first</c><00:17:46.840><c> one</c><00:17:47.600><c> has</c><00:17:47.720><c> to</c><00:17:47.880><c> have</c><00:17:48.039><c> a</c><00:17:48.200><c> possible</c>

00:17:48.470 --> 00:17:48.480 align:start position:0%
the first one has to have a possible
 

00:17:48.480 --> 00:17:50.390 align:start position:0%
the first one has to have a possible
future<00:17:49.080><c> that</c><00:17:49.240><c> changes</c><00:17:49.720><c> it</c><00:17:50.080><c> one</c><00:17:50.200><c> of</c><00:17:50.280><c> the</c>

00:17:50.390 --> 00:17:50.400 align:start position:0%
future that changes it one of the
 

00:17:50.400 --> 00:17:52.789 align:start position:0%
future that changes it one of the
estimates<00:17:50.760><c> to</c><00:17:50.919><c> the</c><00:17:51.039><c> other</c><00:17:51.799><c> um</c><00:17:52.480><c> but</c><00:17:52.640><c> we're</c>

00:17:52.789 --> 00:17:52.799 align:start position:0%
estimates to the other um but we're
 

00:17:52.799 --> 00:17:56.070 align:start position:0%
estimates to the other um but we're
really<00:17:53.000><c> running</c><00:17:53.280><c> out</c><00:17:53.400><c> of</c><00:17:53.600><c> time</c><00:17:54.480><c> uh</c><00:17:55.480><c> uh</c><00:17:55.679><c> so</c><00:17:55.880><c> with</c>

00:17:56.070 --> 00:17:56.080 align:start position:0%
really running out of time uh uh so with
 

00:17:56.080 --> 00:17:58.430 align:start position:0%
really running out of time uh uh so with
equivocation<00:17:57.080><c> uh</c><00:17:57.440><c> we</c><00:17:57.600><c> also</c><00:17:57.840><c> do</c><00:17:58.039><c> this</c><00:17:58.159><c> thing</c>

00:17:58.430 --> 00:17:58.440 align:start position:0%
equivocation uh we also do this thing
 

00:17:58.440 --> 00:18:01.190 align:start position:0%
equivocation uh we also do this thing
where<00:17:58.600><c> only</c><00:17:58.799><c> The</c><00:17:59.039><c> Bets</c><00:17:59.440><c> with</c><00:18:00.120><c> the</c><00:18:00.440><c> wrong</c><00:18:01.120><c> the</c>

00:18:01.190 --> 00:18:01.200 align:start position:0%
where only The Bets with the wrong the
 

00:18:01.200 --> 00:18:03.270 align:start position:0%
where only The Bets with the wrong the
wrong<00:18:01.760><c> fly</c><00:18:02.000><c> around</c><00:18:02.360><c> but</c><00:18:02.559><c> you</c><00:18:02.679><c> also</c><00:18:02.919><c> get</c><00:18:03.080><c> some</c>

00:18:03.270 --> 00:18:03.280 align:start position:0%
wrong fly around but you also get some
 

00:18:03.280 --> 00:18:04.669 align:start position:0%
wrong fly around but you also get some
additional<00:18:03.720><c> flexibility</c><00:18:04.240><c> about</c><00:18:04.480><c> where</c><00:18:04.600><c> you</c>

00:18:04.669 --> 00:18:04.679 align:start position:0%
additional flexibility about where you
 

00:18:04.679 --> 00:18:06.390 align:start position:0%
additional flexibility about where you
can<00:18:04.799><c> add</c><00:18:05.000><c> bets</c><00:18:05.280><c> cuz</c><00:18:05.440><c> you</c><00:18:05.559><c> don't</c><00:18:05.799><c> have</c><00:18:05.919><c> to</c><00:18:06.159><c> only</c>

00:18:06.390 --> 00:18:06.400 align:start position:0%
can add bets cuz you don't have to only
 

00:18:06.400 --> 00:18:08.590 align:start position:0%
can add bets cuz you don't have to only
add<00:18:06.559><c> them</c><00:18:06.760><c> on</c><00:18:06.960><c> the</c><00:18:07.080><c> end</c><00:18:07.799><c> latest</c><00:18:08.159><c> bets</c><00:18:08.480><c> right</c>

00:18:08.590 --> 00:18:08.600 align:start position:0%
add them on the end latest bets right
 

00:18:08.600 --> 00:18:11.070 align:start position:0%
add them on the end latest bets right
you<00:18:08.679><c> can</c><00:18:08.840><c> add</c><00:18:09.120><c> bets</c><00:18:10.120><c> anywhere</c><00:18:10.679><c> because</c><00:18:10.919><c> like</c>

00:18:11.070 --> 00:18:11.080 align:start position:0%
you can add bets anywhere because like
 

00:18:11.080 --> 00:18:12.789 align:start position:0%
you can add bets anywhere because like
equivocate<00:18:11.679><c> equivocating</c><00:18:12.200><c> validators</c><00:18:12.640><c> are</c>

00:18:12.789 --> 00:18:12.799 align:start position:0%
equivocate equivocating validators are
 

00:18:12.799 --> 00:18:15.149 align:start position:0%
equivocate equivocating validators are
crazy<00:18:13.240><c> they</c><00:18:13.400><c> just</c><00:18:13.840><c> they</c><00:18:14.000><c> just</c><00:18:14.559><c> add</c><00:18:14.799><c> bets</c>

00:18:15.149 --> 00:18:15.159 align:start position:0%
crazy they just they just add bets
 

00:18:15.159 --> 00:18:17.830 align:start position:0%
crazy they just they just add bets
wherever<00:18:15.760><c> right</c><00:18:16.520><c> um</c><00:18:16.880><c> so</c><00:18:17.280><c> but</c><00:18:17.440><c> but</c><00:18:17.559><c> it's</c><00:18:17.720><c> like</c>

00:18:17.830 --> 00:18:17.840 align:start position:0%
wherever right um so but but it's like
 

00:18:17.840 --> 00:18:19.149 align:start position:0%
wherever right um so but but it's like
the<00:18:17.919><c> same</c><00:18:18.120><c> type</c><00:18:18.280><c> of</c><00:18:18.400><c> idea</c><00:18:18.760><c> where</c><00:18:18.960><c> like</c><00:18:19.080><c> if</c>

00:18:19.149 --> 00:18:19.159 align:start position:0%
the same type of idea where like if
 

00:18:19.159 --> 00:18:20.510 align:start position:0%
the same type of idea where like if
we're<00:18:19.320><c> safe</c><00:18:19.520><c> in</c><00:18:19.640><c> that</c><00:18:19.960><c> equivocating</c>

00:18:20.510 --> 00:18:20.520 align:start position:0%
we're safe in that equivocating
 

00:18:20.520 --> 00:18:22.110 align:start position:0%
we're safe in that equivocating
environment<00:18:21.039><c> then</c><00:18:21.240><c> like</c><00:18:21.400><c> we</c><00:18:21.520><c> decide</c><00:18:21.919><c> okay</c><00:18:22.039><c> we</c>

00:18:22.110 --> 00:18:22.120 align:start position:0%
environment then like we decide okay we
 

00:18:22.120 --> 00:18:24.190 align:start position:0%
environment then like we decide okay we
can<00:18:22.360><c> stop</c><00:18:23.240><c> and</c><00:18:23.400><c> it's</c><00:18:23.559><c> like</c><00:18:23.640><c> a</c><00:18:23.720><c> correct</c><00:18:24.000><c> by</c>

00:18:24.190 --> 00:18:24.200 align:start position:0%
can stop and it's like a correct by
 

00:18:24.200 --> 00:18:26.350 align:start position:0%
can stop and it's like a correct by
construction<00:18:24.840><c> decision</c><00:18:25.280><c> function</c><00:18:25.960><c> of</c><00:18:26.159><c> like</c>

00:18:26.350 --> 00:18:26.360 align:start position:0%
construction decision function of like
 

00:18:26.360 --> 00:18:28.590 align:start position:0%
construction decision function of like
when<00:18:27.039><c> to</c><00:18:27.240><c> stop</c><00:18:27.559><c> participating</c><00:18:28.000><c> the</c><00:18:28.080><c> consens</c>

00:18:28.590 --> 00:18:28.600 align:start position:0%
when to stop participating the consens
 

00:18:28.600 --> 00:18:30.230 align:start position:0%
when to stop participating the consens
I.E<00:18:28.880><c> when</c><00:18:29.039><c> to</c><00:18:29.159><c> make</c><00:18:29.360><c> this</c><00:18:29.480><c> final</c><00:18:29.799><c> decision</c>

00:18:30.230 --> 00:18:30.240 align:start position:0%
I.E when to make this final decision
 

00:18:30.240 --> 00:18:31.870 align:start position:0%
I.E when to make this final decision
right<00:18:30.520><c> so</c><00:18:30.640><c> this</c><00:18:30.720><c> is</c><00:18:30.880><c> very</c><00:18:31.039><c> related</c><00:18:31.360><c> to</c><00:18:31.640><c> like</c>

00:18:31.870 --> 00:18:31.880 align:start position:0%
right so this is very related to like
 

00:18:31.880 --> 00:18:34.029 align:start position:0%
right so this is very related to like
finality<00:18:32.440><c> and</c><00:18:32.559><c> that</c><00:18:32.720><c> whole</c><00:18:32.960><c> discussion</c><00:18:33.480><c> right</c>

00:18:34.029 --> 00:18:34.039 align:start position:0%
finality and that whole discussion right
 

00:18:34.039 --> 00:18:35.230 align:start position:0%
finality and that whole discussion right
so<00:18:34.240><c> I'm</c><00:18:34.360><c> going</c><00:18:34.440><c> to</c><00:18:34.480><c> try</c><00:18:34.600><c> to</c><00:18:34.720><c> quickly</c><00:18:34.960><c> relate</c>

00:18:35.230 --> 00:18:35.240 align:start position:0%
so I'm going to try to quickly relate
 

00:18:35.240 --> 00:18:37.070 align:start position:0%
so I'm going to try to quickly relate
this<00:18:35.360><c> to</c><00:18:35.559><c> existing</c><00:18:35.919><c> research</c><00:18:36.600><c> basically</c><00:18:37.000><c> the</c>

00:18:37.070 --> 00:18:37.080 align:start position:0%
this to existing research basically the
 

00:18:37.080 --> 00:18:38.590 align:start position:0%
this to existing research basically the
only<00:18:37.640><c> stuff</c><00:18:37.799><c> that</c><00:18:37.880><c> I've</c><00:18:38.039><c> talked</c><00:18:38.240><c> about</c><00:18:38.440><c> here</c>

00:18:38.590 --> 00:18:38.600 align:start position:0%
only stuff that I've talked about here
 

00:18:38.600 --> 00:18:41.430 align:start position:0%
only stuff that I've talked about here
has<00:18:38.760><c> been</c><00:18:39.559><c> expost</c><00:18:40.120><c> kind</c><00:18:40.240><c> of</c><00:18:40.400><c> safety</c><00:18:40.760><c> measure</c>

00:18:41.430 --> 00:18:41.440 align:start position:0%
has been expost kind of safety measure
 

00:18:41.440 --> 00:18:43.110 align:start position:0%
has been expost kind of safety measure
where<00:18:41.679><c> we</c><00:18:41.840><c> don't</c><00:18:42.080><c> actually</c><00:18:42.240><c> look</c><00:18:42.840><c> we</c><00:18:42.919><c> didn't</c>

00:18:43.110 --> 00:18:43.120 align:start position:0%
where we don't actually look we didn't
 

00:18:43.120 --> 00:18:45.070 align:start position:0%
where we don't actually look we didn't
talk<00:18:43.240><c> about</c><00:18:43.360><c> liveness</c><00:18:43.799><c> at</c><00:18:43.880><c> all</c><00:18:44.679><c> uh</c><00:18:44.799><c> and</c><00:18:44.880><c> so</c><00:18:45.000><c> we</c>

00:18:45.070 --> 00:18:45.080 align:start position:0%
talk about liveness at all uh and so we
 

00:18:45.080 --> 00:18:46.789 align:start position:0%
talk about liveness at all uh and so we
don't<00:18:45.280><c> violate</c><00:18:45.600><c> FP</c><00:18:45.960><c> impossibility</c><00:18:46.440><c> at</c><00:18:46.520><c> all</c><00:18:46.679><c> we</c>

00:18:46.789 --> 00:18:46.799 align:start position:0%
don't violate FP impossibility at all we
 

00:18:46.799 --> 00:18:48.750 align:start position:0%
don't violate FP impossibility at all we
have<00:18:46.960><c> vistine</c><00:18:47.320><c> fault</c><00:18:47.600><c> tolerance</c><00:18:48.280><c> and</c><00:18:48.480><c> safety</c>

00:18:48.750 --> 00:18:48.760 align:start position:0%
have vistine fault tolerance and safety
 

00:18:48.760 --> 00:18:49.950 align:start position:0%
have vistine fault tolerance and safety
and<00:18:48.880><c> asynchronicity</c><00:18:49.559><c> we</c><00:18:49.679><c> don't</c><00:18:49.799><c> have</c>

00:18:49.950 --> 00:18:49.960 align:start position:0%
and asynchronicity we don't have
 

00:18:49.960 --> 00:18:52.990 align:start position:0%
and asynchronicity we don't have
liveness<00:18:50.559><c> that's</c><00:18:50.880><c> great</c><00:18:51.880><c> um</c><00:18:52.520><c> and</c><00:18:52.679><c> basically</c>

00:18:52.990 --> 00:18:53.000 align:start position:0%
liveness that's great um and basically
 

00:18:53.000 --> 00:18:54.470 align:start position:0%
liveness that's great um and basically
we<00:18:53.120><c> can</c><00:18:53.240><c> see</c><00:18:53.480><c> why</c><00:18:53.600><c> we</c><00:18:53.679><c> don't</c><00:18:53.840><c> have</c><00:18:53.960><c> liveness</c>

00:18:54.470 --> 00:18:54.480 align:start position:0%
we can see why we don't have liveness
 

00:18:54.480 --> 00:18:56.909 align:start position:0%
we can see why we don't have liveness
because<00:18:54.679><c> like</c><00:18:54.840><c> if</c><00:18:54.960><c> we</c><00:18:55.360><c> if</c><00:18:55.520><c> we</c><00:18:55.760><c> if</c><00:18:55.919><c> we</c><00:18:56.080><c> don't</c><00:18:56.640><c> so</c>

00:18:56.909 --> 00:18:56.919 align:start position:0%
because like if we if we if we don't so
 

00:18:56.919 --> 00:18:58.590 align:start position:0%
because like if we if we if we don't so
like<00:18:57.080><c> if</c><00:18:57.240><c> we</c><00:18:57.480><c> if</c><00:18:57.559><c> we</c><00:18:57.679><c> don't</c><00:18:57.880><c> have</c><00:18:58.000><c> safety</c><00:18:58.400><c> at</c><00:18:58.480><c> a</c>

00:18:58.590 --> 00:18:58.600 align:start position:0%
like if we if we don't have safety at a
 

00:18:58.600 --> 00:19:01.430 align:start position:0%
like if we if we don't have safety at a
particular<00:18:58.960><c> point</c><00:18:59.600><c> then</c><00:18:59.799><c> we</c><00:19:00.000><c> cannot</c><00:19:00.480><c> prove</c>

00:19:01.430 --> 00:19:01.440 align:start position:0%
particular point then we cannot prove
 

00:19:01.440 --> 00:19:02.789 align:start position:0%
particular point then we cannot prove
that<00:19:01.559><c> we</c><00:19:01.720><c> will</c><00:19:01.919><c> advance</c><00:19:02.200><c> to</c><00:19:02.320><c> a</c><00:19:02.400><c> point</c><00:19:02.559><c> where</c><00:19:02.679><c> we</c>

00:19:02.789 --> 00:19:02.799 align:start position:0%
that we will advance to a point where we
 

00:19:02.799 --> 00:19:05.750 align:start position:0%
that we will advance to a point where we
do<00:19:02.960><c> have</c><00:19:03.159><c> safety</c><00:19:03.760><c> in</c><00:19:03.880><c> the</c><00:19:04.000><c> context</c><00:19:04.320><c> of</c><00:19:04.480><c> this</c><00:19:05.320><c> um</c>

00:19:05.750 --> 00:19:05.760 align:start position:0%
do have safety in the context of this um
 

00:19:05.760 --> 00:19:07.990 align:start position:0%
do have safety in the context of this um
adversary<00:19:06.480><c> because</c><00:19:06.679><c> that</c><00:19:06.840><c> adversary</c><00:19:07.600><c> by</c><00:19:07.840><c> the</c>

00:19:07.990 --> 00:19:08.000 align:start position:0%
adversary because that adversary by the
 

00:19:08.000 --> 00:19:09.110 align:start position:0%
adversary because that adversary by the
virtue<00:19:08.280><c> of</c><00:19:08.320><c> the</c><00:19:08.400><c> fact</c><00:19:08.520><c> that</c><00:19:08.600><c> we</c><00:19:08.720><c> said</c><00:19:08.880><c> we</c><00:19:08.960><c> don't</c>

00:19:09.110 --> 00:19:09.120 align:start position:0%
virtue of the fact that we said we don't
 

00:19:09.120 --> 00:19:10.470 align:start position:0%
virtue of the fact that we said we don't
have<00:19:09.280><c> safety</c><00:19:09.640><c> is</c><00:19:09.760><c> able</c><00:19:09.960><c> to</c><00:19:10.080><c> change</c><00:19:10.320><c> our</c>

00:19:10.470 --> 00:19:10.480 align:start position:0%
have safety is able to change our
 

00:19:10.480 --> 00:19:13.190 align:start position:0%
have safety is able to change our
estimate<00:19:11.240><c> and</c><00:19:11.559><c> therefore</c>

00:19:13.190 --> 00:19:13.200 align:start position:0%
estimate and therefore
 

00:19:13.200 --> 00:19:14.950 align:start position:0%
estimate and therefore
um

00:19:14.950 --> 00:19:14.960 align:start position:0%
um
 

00:19:14.960 --> 00:19:17.470 align:start position:0%
um
uh<00:19:15.960><c> uh</c><00:19:16.159><c> we</c><00:19:16.280><c> can</c><00:19:16.480><c> actually</c><00:19:16.679><c> become</c><00:19:16.960><c> safe</c><00:19:17.200><c> from</c><00:19:17.320><c> a</c>

00:19:17.470 --> 00:19:17.480 align:start position:0%
uh uh we can actually become safe from a
 

00:19:17.480 --> 00:19:19.270 align:start position:0%
uh uh we can actually become safe from a
position<00:19:17.720><c> where</c><00:19:17.880><c> we</c><00:19:18.120><c> aren't</c><00:19:18.480><c> safe</c><00:19:18.919><c> in</c><00:19:19.039><c> a</c><00:19:19.159><c> way</c>

00:19:19.270 --> 00:19:19.280 align:start position:0%
position where we aren't safe in a way
 

00:19:19.280 --> 00:19:21.390 align:start position:0%
position where we aren't safe in a way
that's<00:19:19.679><c> provable</c><00:19:20.679><c> uh</c><00:19:20.880><c> and</c><00:19:20.960><c> so</c><00:19:21.159><c> like</c><00:19:21.280><c> we</c>

00:19:21.390 --> 00:19:21.400 align:start position:0%
that's provable uh and so like we
 

00:19:21.400 --> 00:19:24.710 align:start position:0%
that's provable uh and so like we
haven't<00:19:21.640><c> violated</c><00:19:22.000><c> IP</c><00:19:22.559><c> at</c><00:19:22.679><c> all</c><00:19:23.679><c> um</c><00:19:24.440><c> so</c>

00:19:24.710 --> 00:19:24.720 align:start position:0%
haven't violated IP at all um so
 

00:19:24.720 --> 00:19:26.870 align:start position:0%
haven't violated IP at all um so
basically<00:19:25.559><c> uh</c><00:19:25.760><c> we</c><00:19:26.159><c> it</c><00:19:26.240><c> was</c><00:19:26.400><c> cool</c><00:19:26.559><c> that</c><00:19:26.640><c> we</c><00:19:26.760><c> did</c>

00:19:26.870 --> 00:19:26.880 align:start position:0%
basically uh we it was cool that we did
 

00:19:26.880 --> 00:19:28.590 align:start position:0%
basically uh we it was cool that we did
it<00:19:26.960><c> only</c><00:19:27.240><c> this</c><00:19:27.320><c> expost</c><00:19:27.679><c> measurement</c><00:19:27.960><c> of</c><00:19:28.039><c> sa</c>

00:19:28.590 --> 00:19:28.600 align:start position:0%
it only this expost measurement of sa
 

00:19:28.600 --> 00:19:29.909 align:start position:0%
it only this expost measurement of sa
rather<00:19:28.760><c> than</c><00:19:28.880><c> reasoning</c><00:19:29.200><c> about</c><00:19:29.360><c> liveness</c><00:19:29.799><c> at</c>

00:19:29.909 --> 00:19:29.919 align:start position:0%
rather than reasoning about liveness at
 

00:19:29.919 --> 00:19:31.590 align:start position:0%
rather than reasoning about liveness at
all<00:19:30.240><c> because</c><00:19:30.640><c> that's</c><00:19:30.799><c> normally</c><00:19:31.120><c> not</c><00:19:31.280><c> usually</c>

00:19:31.590 --> 00:19:31.600 align:start position:0%
all because that's normally not usually
 

00:19:31.600 --> 00:19:34.549 align:start position:0%
all because that's normally not usually
what<00:19:31.760><c> happens</c><00:19:32.400><c> so</c><00:19:32.559><c> like</c><00:19:32.679><c> there</c><00:19:32.840><c> exist</c><00:19:33.559><c> views</c>

00:19:34.549 --> 00:19:34.559 align:start position:0%
what happens so like there exist views
 

00:19:34.559 --> 00:19:36.590 align:start position:0%
what happens so like there exist views
in<00:19:34.880><c> this</c><00:19:35.240><c> expost</c><00:19:35.799><c> world</c><00:19:36.080><c> where</c><00:19:36.320><c> you</c><00:19:36.440><c> have</c>

00:19:36.590 --> 00:19:36.600 align:start position:0%
in this expost world where you have
 

00:19:36.600 --> 00:19:37.990 align:start position:0%
in this expost world where you have
extremely<00:19:36.960><c> high</c><00:19:37.120><c> levels</c><00:19:37.320><c> of</c><00:19:37.440><c> fault</c><00:19:37.640><c> tolerance</c>

00:19:37.990 --> 00:19:38.000 align:start position:0%
extremely high levels of fault tolerance
 

00:19:38.000 --> 00:19:39.070 align:start position:0%
extremely high levels of fault tolerance
where<00:19:38.120><c> like</c><00:19:38.240><c> all</c><00:19:38.400><c> but</c><00:19:38.520><c> one</c><00:19:38.640><c> node</c><00:19:38.880><c> could</c><00:19:39.000><c> be</c>

00:19:39.070 --> 00:19:39.080 align:start position:0%
where like all but one node could be
 

00:19:39.080 --> 00:19:40.270 align:start position:0%
where like all but one node could be
faulty<00:19:39.360><c> and</c><00:19:39.480><c> your</c><00:19:39.600><c> estimate</c><00:19:39.919><c> still</c><00:19:40.080><c> won't</c>

00:19:40.270 --> 00:19:40.280 align:start position:0%
faulty and your estimate still won't
 

00:19:40.280 --> 00:19:41.590 align:start position:0%
faulty and your estimate still won't
change<00:19:40.600><c> because</c><00:19:40.760><c> like</c><00:19:41.000><c> any</c><00:19:41.159><c> of</c><00:19:41.240><c> these</c><00:19:41.360><c> faults</c>

00:19:41.590 --> 00:19:41.600 align:start position:0%
change because like any of these faults
 

00:19:41.600 --> 00:19:43.710 align:start position:0%
change because like any of these faults
will<00:19:41.720><c> be</c><00:19:41.840><c> detected</c><00:19:42.200><c> by</c><00:19:42.360><c> everyone</c><00:19:43.039><c> and</c><00:19:43.320><c> those</c>

00:19:43.710 --> 00:19:43.720 align:start position:0%
will be detected by everyone and those
 

00:19:43.720 --> 00:19:45.750 align:start position:0%
will be detected by everyone and those
weights<00:19:43.960><c> of</c><00:19:44.120><c> those</c><00:19:44.280><c> nodes</c><00:19:44.480><c> will</c><00:19:44.600><c> drop</c><00:19:44.799><c> to</c><00:19:44.919><c> zero</c>

00:19:45.750 --> 00:19:45.760 align:start position:0%
weights of those nodes will drop to zero
 

00:19:45.760 --> 00:19:47.830 align:start position:0%
weights of those nodes will drop to zero
but<00:19:45.919><c> so</c><00:19:46.039><c> it's</c><00:19:46.240><c> very</c><00:19:46.440><c> very</c><00:19:46.720><c> safe</c><00:19:47.520><c> but</c><00:19:47.640><c> there's</c>

00:19:47.830 --> 00:19:47.840 align:start position:0%
but so it's very very safe but there's
 

00:19:47.840 --> 00:19:49.909 align:start position:0%
but so it's very very safe but there's
like<00:19:48.080><c> no</c><00:19:48.480><c> way</c><00:19:48.960><c> to</c><00:19:49.200><c> actually</c><00:19:49.440><c> get</c><00:19:49.559><c> to</c><00:19:49.760><c> that</c>

00:19:49.909 --> 00:19:49.919 align:start position:0%
like no way to actually get to that
 

00:19:49.919 --> 00:19:52.390 align:start position:0%
like no way to actually get to that
point<00:19:50.120><c> if</c><00:19:50.320><c> all</c><00:19:50.559><c> nodes</c><00:19:51.039><c> but</c><00:19:51.320><c> one</c><00:19:51.559><c> are</c><00:19:51.720><c> Byzantine</c>

00:19:52.390 --> 00:19:52.400 align:start position:0%
point if all nodes but one are Byzantine
 

00:19:52.400 --> 00:19:53.549 align:start position:0%
point if all nodes but one are Byzantine
because<00:19:52.600><c> they'll</c><00:19:52.880><c> presumably</c><00:19:53.360><c> not</c>

00:19:53.549 --> 00:19:53.559 align:start position:0%
because they'll presumably not
 

00:19:53.559 --> 00:19:55.230 align:start position:0%
because they'll presumably not
participate<00:19:53.960><c> in</c><00:19:54.080><c> the</c><00:19:54.159><c> network</c><00:19:54.480><c> behavior</c><00:19:54.880><c> that</c>

00:19:55.230 --> 00:19:55.240 align:start position:0%
participate in the network behavior that
 

00:19:55.240 --> 00:19:56.549 align:start position:0%
participate in the network behavior that
was<00:19:55.440><c> required</c><00:19:55.799><c> to</c><00:19:55.919><c> create</c><00:19:56.159><c> that</c><00:19:56.280><c> kind</c><00:19:56.360><c> of</c>

00:19:56.549 --> 00:19:56.559 align:start position:0%
was required to create that kind of
 

00:19:56.559 --> 00:19:58.710 align:start position:0%
was required to create that kind of
system<00:19:57.480><c> uh</c><00:19:57.559><c> so</c><00:19:57.679><c> it's</c><00:19:57.840><c> not</c><00:19:58.039><c> l</c><00:19:58.400><c> we</c><00:19:58.480><c> don't</c>

00:19:58.710 --> 00:19:58.720 align:start position:0%
system uh so it's not l we don't
 

00:19:58.720 --> 00:19:59.909 align:start position:0%
system uh so it's not l we don't
actually<00:19:58.880><c> have</c><00:19:58.960><c> a</c><00:19:59.039><c> guarantee</c><00:19:59.400><c> that</c><00:19:59.480><c> we'll</c><00:19:59.720><c> get</c>

00:19:59.909 --> 00:19:59.919 align:start position:0%
actually have a guarantee that we'll get
 

00:19:59.919 --> 00:20:01.470 align:start position:0%
actually have a guarantee that we'll get
there<00:20:00.120><c> from</c><00:20:00.240><c> a</c><00:20:00.400><c> point</c><00:20:00.799><c> where</c><00:20:00.960><c> we</c><00:20:01.080><c> don't</c><00:20:01.320><c> have</c>

00:20:01.470 --> 00:20:01.480 align:start position:0%
there from a point where we don't have
 

00:20:01.480 --> 00:20:04.070 align:start position:0%
there from a point where we don't have
it<00:20:01.840><c> to</c><00:20:02.039><c> this</c><00:20:02.240><c> like</c><00:20:02.400><c> point</c><00:20:02.559><c> where</c><00:20:02.720><c> we're</c><00:20:03.080><c> safe</c>

00:20:04.070 --> 00:20:04.080 align:start position:0%
it to this like point where we're safe
 

00:20:04.080 --> 00:20:06.350 align:start position:0%
it to this like point where we're safe
uh<00:20:04.440><c> so</c><00:20:05.240><c> uh</c><00:20:05.360><c> I</c><00:20:05.440><c> think</c><00:20:05.559><c> it</c><00:20:05.760><c> provides</c><00:20:06.080><c> kind</c><00:20:06.159><c> of</c><00:20:06.280><c> an</c>

00:20:06.350 --> 00:20:06.360 align:start position:0%
uh so uh I think it provides kind of an
 

00:20:06.360 --> 00:20:07.909 align:start position:0%
uh so uh I think it provides kind of an
interesting<00:20:06.640><c> view</c><00:20:06.880><c> into</c><00:20:07.280><c> business</c><00:20:07.559><c> default</c>

00:20:07.909 --> 00:20:07.919 align:start position:0%
interesting view into business default
 

00:20:07.919 --> 00:20:10.270 align:start position:0%
interesting view into business default
tolerance<00:20:08.280><c> in</c><00:20:08.400><c> general</c><00:20:09.080><c> and</c><00:20:09.200><c> I</c><00:20:09.760><c> hope</c><00:20:09.960><c> we</c><00:20:10.080><c> can</c>

00:20:10.270 --> 00:20:10.280 align:start position:0%
tolerance in general and I hope we can
 

00:20:10.280 --> 00:20:12.270 align:start position:0%
tolerance in general and I hope we can
extend<00:20:10.799><c> this</c><00:20:10.919><c> Research</c><00:20:11.280><c> into</c><00:20:11.600><c> live</c><00:20:11.840><c> livess</c>

00:20:12.270 --> 00:20:12.280 align:start position:0%
extend this Research into live livess
 

00:20:12.280 --> 00:20:13.630 align:start position:0%
extend this Research into live livess
and<00:20:12.360><c> also</c><00:20:12.520><c> toine</c><00:20:12.880><c> everything</c><00:20:13.159><c> in</c><00:20:13.240><c> terms</c><00:20:13.440><c> of</c>

00:20:13.630 --> 00:20:13.640 align:start position:0%
and also toine everything in terms of
 

00:20:13.640 --> 00:20:15.950 align:start position:0%
and also toine everything in terms of
the<00:20:13.760><c> same</c><00:20:14.080><c> data</c><00:20:14.360><c> structures</c><00:20:14.880><c> right</c><00:20:15.480><c> because</c>

00:20:15.950 --> 00:20:15.960 align:start position:0%
the same data structures right because
 

00:20:15.960 --> 00:20:18.110 align:start position:0%
the same data structures right because
these<00:20:16.159><c> bets</c><00:20:16.440><c> being</c><00:20:16.600><c> passed</c><00:20:16.840><c> around</c><00:20:17.120><c> really</c><00:20:17.320><c> do</c>

00:20:18.110 --> 00:20:18.120 align:start position:0%
these bets being passed around really do
 

00:20:18.120 --> 00:20:19.950 align:start position:0%
these bets being passed around really do
basically<00:20:18.480><c> map</c><00:20:18.760><c> exactly</c><00:20:19.080><c> on</c><00:20:19.240><c> to</c><00:20:19.400><c> the</c><00:20:19.600><c> kinds</c><00:20:19.840><c> of</c>

00:20:19.950 --> 00:20:19.960 align:start position:0%
basically map exactly on to the kinds of
 

00:20:19.960 --> 00:20:20.950 align:start position:0%
basically map exactly on to the kinds of
restraints<00:20:20.360><c> on</c><00:20:20.440><c> the</c><00:20:20.520><c> network</c><00:20:20.799><c> that</c><00:20:20.880><c> we</c>

00:20:20.950 --> 00:20:20.960 align:start position:0%
restraints on the network that we
 

00:20:20.960 --> 00:20:22.270 align:start position:0%
restraints on the network that we
normally<00:20:21.280><c> have</c><00:20:21.640><c> so</c><00:20:21.760><c> we</c><00:20:21.880><c> have</c><00:20:21.960><c> a</c><00:20:22.039><c> whole</c><00:20:22.120><c> bunch</c>

00:20:22.270 --> 00:20:22.280 align:start position:0%
normally have so we have a whole bunch
 

00:20:22.280 --> 00:20:24.590 align:start position:0%
normally have so we have a whole bunch
of<00:20:22.400><c> future</c><00:20:22.679><c> work</c><00:20:23.080><c> right</c><00:20:23.480><c> so</c><00:20:23.840><c> what</c><00:20:23.919><c> I</c><00:20:24.080><c> just</c><00:20:24.200><c> said</c>

00:20:24.590 --> 00:20:24.600 align:start position:0%
of future work right so what I just said
 

00:20:24.600 --> 00:20:26.430 align:start position:0%
of future work right so what I just said
liveness<00:20:25.600><c> um</c><00:20:25.880><c> I</c><00:20:25.960><c> want</c><00:20:26.080><c> to</c><00:20:26.159><c> make</c><00:20:26.280><c> a</c>

00:20:26.430 --> 00:20:26.440 align:start position:0%
liveness um I want to make a
 

00:20:26.440 --> 00:20:28.270 align:start position:0%
liveness um I want to make a
conservative<00:20:26.960><c> attacker</c><00:20:27.360><c> that</c><00:20:27.720><c> the</c><00:20:27.799><c> minimum</c>

00:20:28.270 --> 00:20:28.280 align:start position:0%
conservative attacker that the minimum
 

00:20:28.280 --> 00:20:29.630 align:start position:0%
conservative attacker that the minimum
izes<00:20:28.520><c> the</c><00:20:28.600><c> amount</c><00:20:28.760><c> of</c><00:20:29.039><c> equivocation</c><00:20:29.520><c> that</c>

00:20:29.630 --> 00:20:29.640 align:start position:0%
izes the amount of equivocation that
 

00:20:29.640 --> 00:20:32.110 align:start position:0%
izes the amount of equivocation that
needs<00:20:29.799><c> to</c><00:20:29.919><c> happen</c><00:20:30.200><c> by</c><00:20:30.520><c> weight</c><00:20:31.520><c> uh</c><00:20:31.720><c> this</c><00:20:31.799><c> will</c>

00:20:32.110 --> 00:20:32.120 align:start position:0%
needs to happen by weight uh this will
 

00:20:32.120 --> 00:20:34.669 align:start position:0%
needs to happen by weight uh this will
improve<00:20:32.600><c> the</c><00:20:33.280><c> uh</c><00:20:33.799><c> computational</c><00:20:34.280><c> complexity</c>

00:20:34.669 --> 00:20:34.679 align:start position:0%
improve the uh computational complexity
 

00:20:34.679 --> 00:20:37.590 align:start position:0%
improve the uh computational complexity
of<00:20:34.799><c> stopping</c><00:20:35.280><c> in</c><00:20:35.880><c> uh</c><00:20:36.320><c> in</c><00:20:36.440><c> a</c><00:20:36.679><c> bantine</c><00:20:37.120><c> fault</c>

00:20:37.590 --> 00:20:37.600 align:start position:0%
of stopping in uh in a bantine fault
 

00:20:37.600 --> 00:20:39.909 align:start position:0%
of stopping in uh in a bantine fault
context<00:20:38.440><c> we</c><00:20:38.559><c> need</c><00:20:38.679><c> to</c><00:20:38.840><c> move</c><00:20:39.159><c> from</c><00:20:39.520><c> consent</c><00:20:39.840><c> on</c>

00:20:39.909 --> 00:20:39.919 align:start position:0%
context we need to move from consent on
 

00:20:39.919 --> 00:20:41.990 align:start position:0%
context we need to move from consent on
a<00:20:40.039><c> bit</c><00:20:40.159><c> to</c><00:20:40.240><c> consent</c><00:20:40.559><c> on</c><00:20:40.679><c> the</c><00:20:40.760><c> evm</c><00:20:41.640><c> we</c><00:20:41.720><c> need</c><00:20:41.880><c> to</c>

00:20:41.990 --> 00:20:42.000 align:start position:0%
a bit to consent on the evm we need to
 

00:20:42.000 --> 00:20:44.270 align:start position:0%
a bit to consent on the evm we need to
do<00:20:42.159><c> validator</c><00:20:42.679><c> rotation</c><00:20:43.120><c> we</c><00:20:43.200><c> need</c><00:20:43.280><c> to</c><00:20:43.400><c> add</c>

00:20:44.270 --> 00:20:44.280 align:start position:0%
do validator rotation we need to add
 

00:20:44.280 --> 00:20:47.110 align:start position:0%
do validator rotation we need to add
economics<00:20:45.280><c> um</c><00:20:46.200><c> so</c><00:20:46.320><c> we</c><00:20:46.440><c> can</c><00:20:46.559><c> like</c><00:20:46.679><c> run</c><00:20:46.840><c> it</c><00:20:46.919><c> in</c>

00:20:47.110 --> 00:20:47.120 align:start position:0%
economics um so we can like run it in
 

00:20:47.120 --> 00:20:48.870 align:start position:0%
economics um so we can like run it in
public<00:20:47.720><c> and</c><00:20:47.840><c> we</c><00:20:47.960><c> need</c><00:20:48.080><c> to</c><00:20:48.159><c> do</c><00:20:48.280><c> like</c><00:20:48.400><c> complexity</c>

00:20:48.870 --> 00:20:48.880 align:start position:0%
public and we need to do like complexity
 

00:20:48.880 --> 00:20:51.350 align:start position:0%
public and we need to do like complexity
and<00:20:49.039><c> performance</c><00:20:49.960><c> optimization</c><00:20:50.960><c> and</c>

00:20:51.350 --> 00:20:51.360 align:start position:0%
and performance optimization and
 

00:20:51.360 --> 00:20:53.430 align:start position:0%
and performance optimization and
basically<00:20:52.360><c> you</c><00:20:52.480><c> know</c><00:20:52.679><c> improve</c><00:20:53.159><c> like</c><00:20:53.280><c> the</c>

00:20:53.430 --> 00:20:53.440 align:start position:0%
basically you know improve like the
 

00:20:53.440 --> 00:20:54.710 align:start position:0%
basically you know improve like the
theory<00:20:53.799><c> the</c><00:20:53.960><c> specification</c><00:20:54.559><c> the</c>

00:20:54.710 --> 00:20:54.720 align:start position:0%
theory the specification the
 

00:20:54.720 --> 00:20:56.669 align:start position:0%
theory the specification the
documentation<00:20:55.360><c> the</c><00:20:55.480><c> implementation</c><00:20:56.440><c> by</c><00:20:56.559><c> the</c>

00:20:56.669 --> 00:20:56.679 align:start position:0%
documentation the implementation by the
 

00:20:56.679 --> 00:20:58.710 align:start position:0%
documentation the implementation by the
way<00:20:56.880><c> I</c><00:20:56.960><c> do</c><00:20:57.159><c> have</c><00:20:57.280><c> an</c><00:20:57.400><c> implementation</c><00:20:58.240><c> of</c><00:20:58.440><c> the</c>

00:20:58.710 --> 00:20:58.720 align:start position:0%
way I do have an implementation of the
 

00:20:58.720 --> 00:21:00.950 align:start position:0%
way I do have an implementation of the
correct<00:20:59.000><c> by</c><00:20:59.640><c> like</c><00:20:59.880><c> correct</c><00:21:00.159><c> by</c><00:21:00.400><c> construction</c>

00:21:00.950 --> 00:21:00.960 align:start position:0%
correct by like correct by construction
 

00:21:00.960 --> 00:21:02.950 align:start position:0%
correct by like correct by construction
thing<00:21:01.240><c> I</c><00:21:01.320><c> mean</c><00:21:01.760><c> mostly</c><00:21:02.240><c> I</c><00:21:02.320><c> have</c><00:21:02.480><c> the</c><00:21:02.640><c> ideal</c>

00:21:02.950 --> 00:21:02.960 align:start position:0%
thing I mean mostly I have the ideal
 

00:21:02.960 --> 00:21:05.630 align:start position:0%
thing I mean mostly I have the ideal
adversary<00:21:03.480><c> implemented</c><00:21:04.480><c> in</c><00:21:04.799><c> like</c><00:21:05.039><c> python</c><00:21:05.360><c> for</c>

00:21:05.630 --> 00:21:05.640 align:start position:0%
adversary implemented in like python for
 

00:21:05.640 --> 00:21:08.029 align:start position:0%
adversary implemented in like python for
equivocating<00:21:06.240><c> faults</c><00:21:07.240><c> so</c><00:21:07.480><c> like</c><00:21:07.640><c> that's</c><00:21:07.799><c> cool</c>

00:21:08.029 --> 00:21:08.039 align:start position:0%
equivocating faults so like that's cool
 

00:21:08.039 --> 00:21:10.710 align:start position:0%
equivocating faults so like that's cool
in<00:21:08.280><c> asynchronous</c><00:21:08.760><c> network</c><00:21:09.640><c> um</c><00:21:10.240><c> my</c><00:21:10.400><c> time</c><00:21:10.559><c> is</c>

00:21:10.710 --> 00:21:10.720 align:start position:0%
in asynchronous network um my time is
 

00:21:10.720 --> 00:21:13.549 align:start position:0%
in asynchronous network um my time is
almost<00:21:10.960><c> up</c><00:21:11.880><c> and</c><00:21:12.080><c> my</c><00:21:12.200><c> slides</c><00:21:12.480><c> are</c><00:21:12.640><c> done</c><00:21:13.360><c> thanks</c>

00:21:13.549 --> 00:21:13.559 align:start position:0%
almost up and my slides are done thanks
 

00:21:13.559 --> 00:21:16.830 align:start position:0%
almost up and my slides are done thanks
for<00:21:13.880><c> listening</c><00:21:14.880><c> excellent</c><00:21:15.520><c> thank</c><00:21:15.720><c> you</c><00:21:15.960><c> lad</c>

00:21:16.830 --> 00:21:16.840 align:start position:0%
for listening excellent thank you lad
 

00:21:16.840 --> 00:21:18.190 align:start position:0%
for listening excellent thank you lad
good

00:21:18.190 --> 00:21:18.200 align:start position:0%
good
 

00:21:18.200 --> 00:21:21.200 align:start position:0%
good
job