WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

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[Applause]

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any<00:00:12.240><c> details</c><00:00:13.670><c> when</c><00:00:14.670><c> are</c><00:00:14.760><c> you</c><00:00:14.820><c> presenting</c><00:00:14.969><c> even</c>

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any details when are you presenting even
 

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any details when are you presenting even
a<00:00:15.510><c> cat</c><00:00:15.660><c> lead</c><00:00:15.869><c> solty</c><00:00:16.320><c> how</c><00:00:16.410><c> that</c><00:00:16.560><c> goes</c><00:00:16.800><c> good</c>

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a cat lead solty how that goes good
 

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a cat lead solty how that goes good
they're<00:00:18.720><c> not</c><00:00:18.750><c> know</c><00:00:18.960><c> that</c><00:00:19.050><c> was</c><00:00:19.169><c> a</c><00:00:19.230><c> thing</c><00:00:19.259><c> until</c>

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they're not know that was a thing until
 

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they're not know that was a thing until
this<00:00:20.520><c> conference</c><00:00:20.939><c> so</c><00:00:21.980><c> my</c><00:00:22.980><c> clients</c><00:00:23.430><c> giving</c><00:00:24.000><c> to</c>

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this conference so my clients giving to
 

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this conference so my clients giving to
my<00:00:24.300><c> clients</c><00:00:24.689><c> how</c><00:00:25.230><c> light</c><00:00:25.439><c> is</c><00:00:25.560><c> light</c><00:00:26.599><c> they're</c>

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my clients how light is light they're
 

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my clients how light is light they're
really<00:00:27.960><c> integral</c><00:00:28.349><c> to</c><00:00:28.410><c> the</c><00:00:28.619><c> dream</c><00:00:28.830><c> too</c>

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really integral to the dream too
 

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really integral to the dream too
we're<00:00:29.490><c> going</c><00:00:29.609><c> to</c><00:00:29.670><c> see</c><00:00:29.789><c> why</c><00:00:29.970><c> they're</c><00:00:30.240><c> integral</c>

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we're going to see why they're integral
 

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we're going to see why they're integral
what<00:00:31.619><c> a</c><00:00:31.650><c> life</c><00:00:31.830><c> client</c><00:00:32.160><c> is</c><00:00:32.420><c> and</c><00:00:34.010><c> we're</c><00:00:35.010><c> trying</c>

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what a life client is and we're trying
 

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what a life client is and we're trying
to<00:00:35.250><c> give</c><00:00:35.400><c> you</c><00:00:35.550><c> something</c><00:00:35.820><c> like</c><00:00:36.059><c> the</c><00:00:36.629><c> thinking</c>

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to give you something like the thinking
 

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to give you something like the thinking
behind<00:00:37.199><c> how</c><00:00:37.680><c> I</c><00:00:37.710><c> like</c><00:00:37.980><c> fireworks</c><00:00:38.370><c> and</c><00:00:38.610><c> how</c><00:00:38.820><c> to</c>

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behind how I like fireworks and how to
 

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behind how I like fireworks and how to
think<00:00:39.150><c> about</c><00:00:39.690><c> the</c><00:00:40.260><c> light</c><00:00:40.470><c> client</c><00:00:40.800><c> Universal</c>

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think about the light client Universal
 

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think about the light client Universal
so<00:00:43.409><c> brief</c><00:00:43.830><c> introduction</c><00:00:44.370><c> about</c><00:00:46.400><c> their</c><00:00:47.400><c> into</c>

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so brief introduction about their into
 

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so brief introduction about their into
developer<00:00:48.180><c> at</c><00:00:48.360><c> chain</c><00:00:48.600><c> state</c><00:00:48.809><c> systems</c><00:00:49.229><c> a</c>

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developer at chain state systems a
 

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developer at chain state systems a
Twitter<00:00:50.610><c> github</c><00:00:51.449><c> might</c><00:00:51.989><c> interact</c><00:00:52.920><c> with</c><00:00:53.129><c> me</c>

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Twitter github might interact with me
 

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Twitter github might interact with me
online<00:00:53.460><c> and</c><00:00:53.790><c> these</c><00:00:54.030><c> are</c><00:00:54.150><c> right</c><00:00:54.470><c> profile</c><00:00:55.470><c> links</c>

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online and these are right profile links
 

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online and these are right profile links
right<00:00:55.979><c> now</c><00:00:56.750><c> working</c><00:00:57.750><c> on</c><00:00:57.930><c> a</c><00:00:58.019><c> project</c><00:00:58.680><c> called</c>

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right now working on a project called
 

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right now working on a project called
lodestar

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lodestar
 

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lodestar
we're<00:01:00.869><c> building</c><00:01:01.199><c> a</c><00:01:01.439><c> type</c><00:01:01.680><c> script</c><00:01:02.040><c> during</c><00:01:02.549><c> to</c>

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we're building a type script during to
 

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we're building a type script during to
ecosystem<00:01:03.809><c> started</c><00:01:04.680><c> with</c><00:01:04.769><c> the</c><00:01:04.830><c> beacon</c><00:01:05.040><c> chain</c>

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ecosystem started with the beacon chain
 

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ecosystem started with the beacon chain
we're<00:01:06.960><c> also</c><00:01:07.320><c> building</c><00:01:07.619><c> on</c><00:01:07.799><c> a</c><00:01:07.860><c> light</c><00:01:08.010><c> client</c>

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we're also building on a light client
 

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we're also building on a light client
and<00:01:08.520><c> we're</c><00:01:10.549><c> going</c><00:01:11.549><c> to</c><00:01:11.610><c> be</c><00:01:11.729><c> involved</c><00:01:11.970><c> with</c>

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and we're going to be involved with
 

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and we're going to be involved with
helping<00:01:14.039><c> with</c><00:01:14.340><c> the</c><00:01:14.490><c> developer</c><00:01:14.880><c> tooling</c><00:01:15.240><c> as</c>

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helping with the developer tooling as
 

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helping with the developer tooling as
well<00:01:15.600><c> so</c><00:01:15.950><c> trying</c><00:01:16.950><c> to</c><00:01:17.039><c> onboard</c><00:01:17.460><c> a</c><00:01:17.759><c> 31</c>

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well so trying to onboard a 31
 

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well so trying to onboard a 31
developers

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developers
 

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developers
to<00:01:19.860><c> ecosystem</c><00:01:21.090><c> we</c><00:01:22.090><c> eat</c><00:01:22.210><c> chat</c><00:01:22.390><c> on</c><00:01:22.510><c> this</c><00:01:22.690><c> Court</c>

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to ecosystem we eat chat on this Court
 

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to ecosystem we eat chat on this Court
so<00:01:23.230><c> anyone</c><00:01:23.710><c> wants</c><00:01:24.520><c> to</c><00:01:24.640><c> talk</c><00:01:25.240><c> to</c><00:01:25.270><c> us</c><00:01:25.420><c> were</c>

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so anyone wants to talk to us were
 

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so anyone wants to talk to us were
available<00:01:26.260><c> there</c><00:01:26.590><c> and</c><00:01:26.860><c> also</c><00:01:27.790><c> further</c>

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available there and also further
 

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available there and also further
allowing<00:01:28.570><c> other</c><00:01:29.230><c> relevant</c><00:01:30.070><c> places</c><00:01:31.800><c> and</c><00:01:32.800><c> chain</c>

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allowing other relevant places and chain
 

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allowing other relevant places and chain
safe<00:01:33.310><c> this</c><00:01:33.970><c> is</c><00:01:34.090><c> where</c><00:01:34.270><c> I</c><00:01:34.330><c> work</c><00:01:34.450><c> it's</c><00:01:34.690><c> a</c><00:01:34.750><c> great</c>

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safe this is where I work it's a great
 

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safe this is where I work it's a great
group<00:01:35.170><c> of</c><00:01:35.230><c> guys</c><00:01:35.410><c> and</c><00:01:35.800><c> gals</c><00:01:37.020><c> everyone's</c><00:01:38.020><c> based</c>

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group of guys and gals everyone's based
 

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group of guys and gals everyone's based
out<00:01:38.320><c> of</c><00:01:38.350><c> Toronto</c><00:01:38.440><c> mostly</c><00:01:39.400><c> and</c><00:01:40.210><c> we</c><00:01:40.600><c> all</c><00:01:40.780><c> work</c><00:01:41.050><c> on</c>

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out of Toronto mostly and we all work on
 

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out of Toronto mostly and we all work on
a<00:01:41.680><c> protocol</c><00:01:42.430><c> level</c><00:01:42.640><c> blockchain</c><00:01:43.240><c> development</c>

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a protocol level blockchain development
 

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a protocol level blockchain development
they<00:01:45.610><c> are</c><00:01:45.910><c> all</c><00:01:46.270><c> online</c><00:01:46.450><c> so</c><00:01:47.010><c> kind</c><00:01:48.010><c> of</c><00:01:48.040><c> up</c><00:01:48.160><c> there</c>

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they are all online so kind of up there
 

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they are all online so kind of up there
labels<00:01:48.610><c> really</c><00:01:48.730><c> very</c><00:01:48.970><c> people</c><00:01:51.240><c> so</c><00:01:52.650><c> this</c><00:01:53.650><c> is</c>

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labels really very people so this is
 

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labels really very people so this is
already<00:01:54.340><c> covering</c><00:01:54.810><c> we're</c><00:01:55.810><c> gonna</c><00:01:55.900><c> start</c><00:01:56.260><c> off</c>

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already covering we're gonna start off
 

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already covering we're gonna start off
with<00:01:58.030><c> just</c><00:01:59.460><c> what</c><00:02:00.460><c> a</c><00:02:00.490><c> light</c><00:02:00.760><c> client</c><00:02:01.120><c> is</c><00:02:01.270><c> why</c><00:02:01.960><c> we</c>

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with just what a light client is why we
 

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with just what a light client is why we
need<00:02:02.350><c> my</c><00:02:02.530><c> clients</c><00:02:03.040><c> why</c><00:02:03.310><c> we</c><00:02:03.430><c> need</c><00:02:03.580><c> them</c>

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need my clients why we need them
 

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need my clients why we need them
appearing<00:02:04.119><c> to</c><00:02:04.979><c> get</c><00:02:05.979><c> like</c><00:02:06.160><c> a</c><00:02:06.190><c> sense</c><00:02:06.520><c> of</c><00:02:06.810><c> what</c>

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appearing to get like a sense of what
 

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appearing to get like a sense of what
that<00:02:07.840><c> even</c><00:02:08.260><c> like</c><00:02:08.590><c> what</c><00:02:09.550><c> is</c><00:02:09.670><c> it</c><00:02:09.760><c> like</c><00:02:10.060><c> what</c><00:02:10.420><c> is</c>

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that even like what is it like what is
 

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that even like what is it like what is
it<00:02:10.600><c> what</c><00:02:10.810><c> is</c><00:02:10.840><c> the</c><00:02:10.990><c> full</c><00:02:11.140><c> note</c><00:02:11.380><c> what</c><00:02:12.310><c> does</c><00:02:12.400><c> the</c>

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it what is the full note what does the
 

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it what is the full note what does the
light<00:02:12.700><c> climb</c><00:02:12.910><c> where</c><00:02:13.600><c> does</c><00:02:13.690><c> the</c><00:02:13.750><c> light</c><00:02:13.959><c> note</c><00:02:14.170><c> it</c>

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light climb where does the light note it
 

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light climb where does the light note it
it's<00:02:15.310><c> uh</c><00:02:15.430><c> it's</c><00:02:16.390><c> not</c><00:02:17.130><c> it's</c><00:02:18.130><c> probably</c><00:02:18.400><c> pretty</c>

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it's uh it's not it's probably pretty
 

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it's uh it's not it's probably pretty
obvious<00:02:19.060><c> but</c><00:02:19.810><c> in</c><00:02:20.260><c> theory</c><00:02:20.500><c> the</c><00:02:20.650><c> ones</c><00:02:20.860><c> you</c>

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obvious but in theory the ones you
 

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obvious but in theory the ones you
haven't<00:02:21.190><c> really</c><00:02:21.490><c> been</c><00:02:22.120><c> using</c><00:02:22.180><c> that</c><00:02:22.690><c> we</c><00:02:22.930><c> we</c><00:02:23.320><c> use</c>

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haven't really been using that we we use
 

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haven't really been using that we we use
a<00:02:23.560><c> bureau</c><00:02:23.860><c> we</c><00:02:24.190><c> use</c><00:02:24.370><c> meta</c><00:02:24.640><c> mask</c><00:02:24.850><c> uses</c><00:02:25.480><c> and</c>

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a bureau we use meta mask uses and
 

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a bureau we use meta mask uses and
Bureau<00:02:25.930><c> use</c><00:02:26.610><c> either</c><00:02:27.610><c> scan</c><00:02:28.060><c> we're</c><00:02:28.390><c> not</c><00:02:28.510><c> really</c>

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Bureau use either scan we're not really
 

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Bureau use either scan we're not really
used<00:02:28.930><c> to</c><00:02:29.170><c> interacting</c><00:02:30.010><c> with</c><00:02:30.070><c> lifeline</c><00:02:30.489><c> and</c>

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used to interacting with lifeline and
 

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used to interacting with lifeline and
said<00:02:31.110><c> there's</c><00:02:32.110><c> been</c><00:02:32.170><c> a</c><00:02:32.320><c> lot</c><00:02:32.500><c> of</c><00:02:32.530><c> research</c><00:02:32.860><c> into</c>

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said there's been a lot of research into
 

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said there's been a lot of research into
making<00:02:33.940><c> it</c><00:02:34.150><c> more</c><00:02:34.239><c> usable</c><00:02:34.690><c> making</c><00:02:34.959><c> it</c><00:02:35.019><c> more</c>

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making it more usable making it more
 

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making it more usable making it more
like<00:02:36.040><c> a</c><00:02:36.070><c> default</c><00:02:36.850><c> experience</c><00:02:37.300><c> but</c><00:02:38.610><c> we're</c>

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like a default experience but we're
 

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like a default experience but we're
going<00:02:39.910><c> to</c><00:02:40.000><c> need</c><00:02:40.150><c> to</c><00:02:40.390><c> start</c><00:02:41.140><c> there</c><00:02:41.350><c> too</c><00:02:42.070><c> because</c>

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going to need to start there too because
 

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going to need to start there too because
of<00:02:43.360><c> some</c><00:02:43.570><c> reasons</c><00:02:43.930><c> that</c><00:02:43.959><c> I'll</c><00:02:44.140><c> get</c><00:02:44.290><c> into</c><00:02:45.390><c> will</c>

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of some reasons that I'll get into will
 

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of some reasons that I'll get into will
go<00:02:46.480><c> into</c><00:02:46.690><c> some</c><00:02:46.780><c> background</c><00:02:47.260><c> about</c><00:02:48.660><c> they</c><00:02:49.660><c> don't</c>

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go into some background about they don't
 

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go into some background about they don't
know<00:02:50.200><c> will</c><00:02:50.350><c> kind</c><00:02:50.620><c> of</c><00:02:50.650><c> want</c><00:02:50.890><c> to</c><00:02:50.920><c> cover</c><00:02:51.130><c> before</c>

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know will kind of want to cover before
 

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know will kind of want to cover before
we<00:02:51.910><c> get</c><00:02:52.600><c> into</c><00:02:52.989><c> kind</c><00:02:53.890><c> of</c><00:02:54.010><c> meat</c><00:02:54.280><c> of</c><00:02:54.459><c> things</c>

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we get into kind of meat of things
 

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we get into kind of meat of things
is<00:02:55.060><c> the</c><00:02:55.780><c> actual</c><00:02:56.020><c> light</c><00:02:56.260><c> plan</c><00:02:56.500><c> and</c><00:02:56.800><c> how</c><00:02:56.950><c> we</c><00:02:57.880><c> are</c>

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is the actual light plan and how we are
 

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is the actual light plan and how we are
going<00:02:58.780><c> to</c><00:02:58.870><c> be</c><00:02:58.960><c> sinking</c><00:02:59.350><c> Ava</c>

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going to be sinking Ava
 

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going to be sinking Ava
so<00:03:02.250><c> just</c><00:03:03.250><c> some</c><00:03:03.340><c> motivation</c><00:03:04.110><c> what</c><00:03:05.110><c> is</c><00:03:05.200><c> the</c>

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so just some motivation what is the
 

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so just some motivation what is the
light<00:03:05.440><c> client</c><00:03:05.830><c> my</c><00:03:06.520><c> client</c><00:03:06.550><c> is</c><00:03:07.200><c> software</c><00:03:08.200><c> which</c>

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light client my client is software which
 

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light client my client is software which
is<00:03:08.610><c> securely</c><00:03:09.610><c> consumed</c><00:03:10.480><c> blockchain</c><00:03:10.900><c> data</c><00:03:11.430><c> and</c>

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is securely consumed blockchain data and
 

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is securely consumed blockchain data and
it<00:03:13.480><c> has</c><00:03:13.660><c> requirements</c><00:03:14.110><c> of</c><00:03:14.440><c> scale</c>

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it has requirements of scale
 

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it has requirements of scale
logarithmically<00:03:16.000><c> to</c><00:03:16.420><c> the</c><00:03:17.020><c> total</c><00:03:17.380><c> watch-chain</c>

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logarithmically to the total watch-chain
 

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logarithmically to the total watch-chain
state<00:03:18.520><c> so</c><00:03:19.180><c> logarithmically</c><00:03:20.100><c> you</c><00:03:21.100><c> kind</c><00:03:21.340><c> of</c>

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state so logarithmically you kind of
 

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state so logarithmically you kind of
think<00:03:21.580><c> of</c><00:03:21.670><c> like</c><00:03:22.290><c> this</c><00:03:23.290><c> kind</c><00:03:23.620><c> of</c><00:03:23.830><c> curve</c><00:03:24.390><c> as</c><00:03:25.390><c> like</c>

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think of like this kind of curve as like
 

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think of like this kind of curve as like
the<00:03:26.440><c> blockchain</c><00:03:26.710><c> grows</c><00:03:27.250><c> and</c><00:03:27.490><c> grows</c><00:03:27.550><c> and</c><00:03:27.670><c> grows</c>

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the blockchain grows and grows and grows
 

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the blockchain grows and grows and grows
the<00:03:28.420><c> amount</c><00:03:29.410><c> of</c><00:03:29.440><c> data</c><00:03:29.620><c> that</c><00:03:29.710><c> you</c><00:03:29.890><c> need</c><00:03:30.070><c> to</c>

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the amount of data that you need to
 

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the amount of data that you need to
actually<00:03:30.640><c> process</c><00:03:30.910><c> as</c><00:03:31.420><c> a</c><00:03:31.480><c> like</c><00:03:31.660><c> light</c><00:03:31.840><c> you</c>

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actually process as a like light you
 

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actually process as a like light you
want<00:03:32.170><c> that</c><00:03:32.410><c> to</c><00:03:32.620><c> not</c><00:03:33.400><c> really</c><00:03:33.760><c> change</c><00:03:34.480><c> very</c><00:03:34.750><c> much</c>

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want that to not really change very much
 

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want that to not really change very much
at<00:03:35.260><c> all</c>

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at all
 

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at all
one<00:03:37.030><c> way</c><00:03:37.120><c> to</c><00:03:37.180><c> think</c><00:03:37.240><c> of</c><00:03:37.390><c> it</c><00:03:37.450><c> is</c><00:03:37.750><c> like</c><00:03:37.900><c> as</c><00:03:38.110><c> like</c>

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one way to think of it is like as like
 

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one way to think of it is like as like
the<00:03:38.740><c> total</c><00:03:39.040><c> size</c><00:03:40.770><c> grows</c><00:03:41.770><c> exponentially</c><00:03:42.310><c> then</c>

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the total size grows exponentially then
 

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the total size grows exponentially then
the<00:03:43.360><c> total</c><00:03:43.660><c> size</c><00:03:43.810><c> that</c><00:03:43.960><c> you</c><00:03:44.020><c> need</c><00:03:44.050><c> to</c><00:03:44.230><c> verify</c>

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the total size that you need to verify
 

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the total size that you need to verify
things<00:03:44.620><c> only</c><00:03:44.920><c> into</c><00:03:45.190><c> the</c><00:03:45.280><c> doubles</c><00:03:45.670><c> so</c><00:03:46.060><c> let's</c>

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things only into the doubles so let's
 

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things only into the doubles so let's
say<00:03:47.200><c> the</c><00:03:47.680><c> the</c><00:03:47.710><c> chain</c><00:03:48.250><c> went</c><00:03:48.460><c> from</c><00:03:48.610><c> 1,000</c><00:03:49.150><c> pounds</c>

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say the the chain went from 1,000 pounds
 

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say the the chain went from 1,000 pounds
actions<00:03:49.660><c> a</c><00:03:49.750><c> day</c><00:03:49.900><c> to</c><00:03:49.960><c> a</c><00:03:50.110><c> million</c><00:03:50.590><c> transactions</c>

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actions a day to a million transactions
 

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actions a day to a million transactions
a<00:03:51.640><c> day</c><00:03:51.670><c> that</c><00:03:52.030><c> would</c><00:03:52.120><c> only</c><00:03:52.330><c> require</c><00:03:53.170><c> a</c><00:03:53.620><c> doubling</c>

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a day that would only require a doubling
 

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a day that would only require a doubling
of<00:03:54.540><c> where</c><00:03:55.540><c> life</c><00:03:55.570><c> I'm</c><00:03:55.960><c> looking</c><00:03:56.110><c> to</c><00:03:56.530><c> process</c><00:03:59.610><c> so</c>

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of where life I'm looking to process so
 

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of where life I'm looking to process so
why<00:04:01.270><c> don't</c><00:04:01.390><c> we</c><00:04:01.420><c> need</c><00:04:01.570><c> my</c><00:04:01.720><c> clients</c><00:04:02.140><c> for</c><00:04:02.200><c> their</c>

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why don't we need my clients for their
 

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why don't we need my clients for their
area<00:04:02.500><c> to</c><00:04:04.470><c> there</c><00:04:05.470><c> they're</c><00:04:06.040><c> going</c><00:04:06.430><c> to</c><00:04:06.489><c> be</c><00:04:06.580><c> first</c>

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area to there they're going to be first
 

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area to there they're going to be first
best<00:04:07.390><c> citizens</c><00:04:07.900><c> I</c><00:04:08.470><c> think</c><00:04:08.500><c> I</c><00:04:09.010><c> like</c><00:04:09.580><c> the</c><00:04:09.870><c> new</c>

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best citizens I think I like the new
 

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best citizens I think I like the new
very<00:04:12.340><c> vivid</c><00:04:12.610><c> area</c><00:04:12.910><c> so</c><00:04:13.480><c> we</c><00:04:14.290><c> think</c><00:04:14.530><c> about</c><00:04:15.090><c> some</c>

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very vivid area so we think about some
 

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very vivid area so we think about some
certain<00:04:16.570><c> cases</c><00:04:16.780><c> were</c><00:04:17.440><c> we</c><00:04:17.590><c> going</c><00:04:17.709><c> to</c><00:04:17.799><c> need</c><00:04:17.890><c> them</c>

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certain cases were we going to need them
 

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certain cases were we going to need them
a<00:04:18.730><c> resource</c><00:04:19.090><c> constrained</c><00:04:19.750><c> environment</c><00:04:20.230><c> so</c>

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a resource constrained environment so
 

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a resource constrained environment so
I'm<00:04:20.859><c> sure</c><00:04:21.010><c> everyone</c><00:04:21.040><c> here</c><00:04:21.340><c> has</c><00:04:21.580><c> a</c><00:04:22.090><c> smartphone</c>

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I'm sure everyone here has a smartphone
 

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I'm sure everyone here has a smartphone
on<00:04:23.050><c> them</c><00:04:23.260><c> but</c><00:04:24.100><c> who</c><00:04:24.520><c> here</c><00:04:24.760><c> has</c><00:04:25.120><c> the</c><00:04:25.780><c> has</c><00:04:26.380><c> the</c>

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on them but who here has the has the
 

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on them but who here has the has the
chain<00:04:26.710><c> sync</c><00:04:27.040><c> telephone</c>

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chain sync telephone
 

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chain sync telephone
no<00:04:30.170><c> one</c><00:04:30.380><c> okay</c><00:04:30.650><c> I</c><00:04:31.310><c> mean</c><00:04:31.850><c> it's</c><00:04:32.150><c> probably</c><00:04:32.390><c> why</c><00:04:32.930><c> do</c>

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no one okay I mean it's probably why do
 

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no one okay I mean it's probably why do
you<00:04:33.140><c> have</c><00:04:33.260><c> that</c><00:04:33.350><c> mask</c><00:04:33.650><c> by</c><00:04:34.370><c> your</c><00:04:34.520><c> phone</c><00:04:34.730><c> but</c>

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you have that mask by your phone but
 

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you have that mask by your phone but
minimum<00:04:36.860><c> ask</c><00:04:36.980><c> is</c><00:04:37.990><c> all</c><00:04:38.990><c> using</c><00:04:39.530><c> in</c><00:04:39.620><c> fear</c><00:04:39.860><c> and</c>

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minimum ask is all using in fear and
 

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minimum ask is all using in fear and
here's<00:04:40.460><c> a</c><00:04:40.550><c> great</c><00:04:40.730><c> service</c><00:04:41.030><c> but</c><00:04:41.540><c> not</c><00:04:41.810><c> trying</c><00:04:42.020><c> to</c>

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here's a great service but not trying to
 

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here's a great service but not trying to
diss<00:04:42.200><c> it</c><00:04:42.380><c> but</c><00:04:42.880><c> you're</c><00:04:43.880><c> kind</c><00:04:44.720><c> of</c><00:04:44.750><c> losing</c><00:04:44.930><c> out</c><00:04:45.200><c> on</c>

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diss it but you're kind of losing out on
 

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diss it but you're kind of losing out on
some<00:04:45.560><c> of</c><00:04:45.590><c> the</c><00:04:46.900><c> guarantees</c><00:04:47.900><c> that</c><00:04:47.930><c> you</c><00:04:48.170><c> gain</c>

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some of the guarantees that you gain
 

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some of the guarantees that you gain
when<00:04:49.010><c> you're</c><00:04:49.220><c> relying</c><00:04:49.790><c> entirely</c><00:04:50.120><c> on</c><00:04:50.300><c> in</c><00:04:50.900><c> the</c>

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when you're relying entirely on in the
 

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when you're relying entirely on in the
bureau<00:04:53.290><c> one</c><00:04:54.290><c> really</c><00:04:54.500><c> interesting</c><00:04:54.650><c> case</c><00:04:55.130><c> for</c>

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bureau one really interesting case for
 

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bureau one really interesting case for
light<00:04:55.580><c> clients</c><00:04:56.410><c> especially</c><00:04:57.410><c> in</c><00:04:57.620><c> like</c><00:04:58.210><c> this</c>

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light clients especially in like this
 

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light clients especially in like this
very<00:04:59.570><c> burgeoning</c><00:05:00.190><c> ecosystem</c><00:05:01.190><c> of</c><00:05:01.280><c> walk</c><00:05:02.090><c> chance</c>

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very burgeoning ecosystem of walk chance
 

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very burgeoning ecosystem of walk chance
is<00:05:02.750><c> to</c><00:05:03.220><c> be</c><00:05:04.220><c> able</c><00:05:04.370><c> to</c><00:05:04.840><c> have</c><00:05:05.890><c> other</c><00:05:06.890><c> block</c><00:05:07.280><c> chains</c>

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is to be able to have other block chains
 

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is to be able to have other block chains
as<00:05:07.850><c> light</c><00:05:08.240><c> clients</c><00:05:08.750><c> to</c><00:05:09.350><c> your</c><00:05:10.190><c> watching</c><00:05:10.670><c> so</c>

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as light clients to your watching so
 

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as light clients to your watching so
when<00:05:12.770><c> we</c><00:05:12.890><c> all</c><00:05:12.980><c> have</c><00:05:13.100><c> varium</c><00:05:13.520><c> -</c><00:05:13.730><c> it</c><00:05:14.060><c> would</c><00:05:14.180><c> be</c>

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when we all have varium - it would be
 

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when we all have varium - it would be
really<00:05:14.270><c> cool</c><00:05:14.600><c> if</c><00:05:14.840><c> the</c><00:05:15.680><c> authority</c><00:05:16.070><c> of</c><00:05:16.190><c> one</c>

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really cool if the authority of one
 

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really cool if the authority of one
block<00:05:16.610><c> chain</c><00:05:16.910><c> was</c><00:05:17.150><c> able</c><00:05:17.450><c> to</c><00:05:17.630><c> in</c><00:05:18.530><c> some</c><00:05:18.830><c> way</c>

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block chain was able to in some way
 

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block chain was able to in some way
validate<00:05:20.360><c> the</c><00:05:20.510><c> data</c><00:05:20.660><c> of</c><00:05:21.050><c> etherium</c><00:05:21.680><c> -</c><00:05:22.660><c> you</c><00:05:23.660><c> can</c>

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validate the data of etherium - you can
 

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validate the data of etherium - you can
think<00:05:23.990><c> of</c><00:05:24.110><c> that</c><00:05:24.200><c> as</c><00:05:24.260><c> a</c><00:05:24.410><c> no</c><00:05:24.590><c> light</c><00:05:24.800><c> client</c><00:05:25.220><c> into</c>

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think of that as a no light client into
 

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think of that as a no light client into
a<00:05:25.640><c> very</c><00:05:26.450><c> dirty</c><00:05:26.810><c> engine</c><00:05:27.020><c> and</c><00:05:27.620><c> so</c><00:05:28.070><c> if</c><00:05:29.060><c> we</c><00:05:29.210><c> make</c>

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a very dirty engine and so if we make
 

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a very dirty engine and so if we make
things<00:05:29.540><c> easy</c><00:05:29.780><c> enough</c><00:05:30.080><c> if</c><00:05:30.470><c> we</c><00:05:30.590><c> make</c><00:05:30.740><c> things</c>

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things easy enough if we make things
 

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things easy enough if we make things
like<00:05:31.190><c> small</c><00:05:31.700><c> it</c><00:05:31.850><c> up</c><00:05:31.940><c> it</c><00:05:32.150><c> becomes</c><00:05:32.690><c> more</c>

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like small it up it becomes more
 

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like small it up it becomes more
practical<00:05:33.440><c> to</c><00:05:33.560><c> do</c><00:05:33.680><c> that</c><00:05:33.830><c> in</c><00:05:33.950><c> more</c><00:05:34.820><c> places</c>

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another<00:05:38.540><c> thing</c><00:05:38.720><c> to</c><00:05:38.810><c> consider</c><00:05:38.900><c> is</c><00:05:39.460><c> in</c><00:05:40.460><c> etherion</c>

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another thing to consider is in etherion
 

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another thing to consider is in etherion
one<00:05:41.210><c> it's</c><00:05:41.540><c> really</c><00:05:41.690><c> easy</c><00:05:41.990><c> for</c><00:05:42.350><c> everyone</c><00:05:42.620><c> to</c><00:05:42.860><c> get</c>

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one it's really easy for everyone to get
 

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one it's really easy for everyone to get
the<00:05:43.430><c> whole</c><00:05:43.930><c> state</c><00:05:44.930><c> of</c><00:05:44.960><c> the</c><00:05:45.169><c> world</c><00:05:45.380><c> and</c>

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the whole state of the world and
 

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the whole state of the world and
appearing<00:05:46.490><c> to</c><00:05:46.790><c> be</c><00:05:47.150><c> are</c><00:05:48.080><c> moving</c><00:05:48.380><c> to</c><00:05:48.470><c> the</c><00:05:48.590><c> shard</c>

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appearing to be are moving to the shard
 

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appearing to be are moving to the shard
in<00:05:49.010><c> architecture</c><00:05:49.550><c> aware</c><00:05:49.850><c> it's</c><00:05:50.690><c> not</c><00:05:50.990><c> actually</c>

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in architecture aware it's not actually
 

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in architecture aware it's not actually
going<00:05:51.410><c> to</c><00:05:51.620><c> be</c><00:05:51.680><c> feasible</c><00:05:51.919><c> for</c><00:05:52.220><c> everyone</c><00:05:52.760><c> to</c>

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going to be feasible for everyone to
 

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going to be feasible for everyone to
store<00:05:53.630><c> all</c><00:05:53.810><c> the</c><00:05:53.960><c> data</c><00:05:53.990><c> like</c><00:05:54.830><c> even</c><00:05:55.130><c> if</c><00:05:55.220><c> you</c>

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store all the data like even if you
 

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store all the data like even if you
wanted<00:05:55.669><c> to</c><00:05:55.750><c> unless</c><00:05:56.750><c> maybe</c><00:05:56.900><c> you</c><00:05:57.140><c> just</c><00:05:57.290><c> ran</c><00:05:57.620><c> out</c>

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wanted to unless maybe you just ran out
 

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wanted to unless maybe you just ran out
a<00:05:57.770><c> bunch</c><00:05:57.980><c> of</c><00:05:58.070><c> servers</c><00:05:58.310><c> on</c><00:05:58.520><c> AWS</c><00:05:59.000><c> like</c>

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a bunch of servers on AWS like
 

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a bunch of servers on AWS like
practically<00:06:00.830><c> speaking</c><00:06:01.250><c> most</c><00:06:01.910><c> people</c><00:06:02.180><c> aren't</c>

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practically speaking most people aren't
 

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practically speaking most people aren't
gonna<00:06:02.419><c> store</c><00:06:03.169><c> anything</c><00:06:03.620><c> and</c><00:06:04.300><c> even</c><00:06:06.100><c> like</c><00:06:07.419><c> even</c>

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gonna store anything and even like even
 

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gonna store anything and even like even
within<00:06:08.600><c> just</c><00:06:08.990><c> the</c><00:06:09.140><c> protocol</c><00:06:09.650><c> itself</c><00:06:09.980><c> like</c>

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within just the protocol itself like
 

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within just the protocol itself like
validators<00:06:11.060><c> are</c><00:06:11.210><c> going</c><00:06:11.450><c> to</c><00:06:11.540><c> be</c><00:06:11.600><c> required</c><00:06:11.960><c> to</c>

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validators are going to be required to
 

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validators are going to be required to
be<00:06:12.230><c> syncing</c><00:06:12.650><c> shards</c><00:06:13.490><c> at</c><00:06:13.610><c> different</c><00:06:13.850><c> points</c>

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be syncing shards at different points
 

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be syncing shards at different points
they're<00:06:15.110><c> gonna</c><00:06:15.200><c> be</c><00:06:15.350><c> required</c><00:06:15.710><c> to</c><00:06:15.860><c> be</c>

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they're gonna be required to be
 

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they're gonna be required to be
proposing<00:06:19.220><c> new</c><00:06:19.490><c> blocks</c><00:06:19.760><c> for</c><00:06:20.030><c> different</c><00:06:20.300><c> cards</c>

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proposing new blocks for different cards
 

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proposing new blocks for different cards
so<00:06:20.630><c> they're</c><00:06:20.750><c> gonna</c><00:06:20.870><c> have</c><00:06:20.960><c> to</c><00:06:21.110><c> sync</c><00:06:21.350><c> up</c><00:06:21.440><c> at</c><00:06:21.590><c> that</c>

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so they're gonna have to sync up at that
 

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so they're gonna have to sync up at that
point<00:06:21.950><c> we're</c><00:06:22.130><c> gonna</c>

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point we're gonna
 

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point we're gonna
the<00:06:23.189><c> attesting</c><00:06:24.189><c> to</c><00:06:24.219><c> different</c><00:06:24.719><c> parts</c><00:06:25.719><c> of</c><00:06:25.779><c> the</c>

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the attesting to different parts of the
 

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the attesting to different parts of the
recent<00:06:26.289><c> chart</c><00:06:26.499><c> state</c><00:06:26.710><c> with</c><00:06:27.219><c> through</c>

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recent chart state with through
 

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recent chart state with through
cross-links<00:06:28.029><c> and</c><00:06:28.180><c> so</c><00:06:29.039><c> during</c><00:06:30.039><c> these</c><00:06:30.189><c> cases</c>

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cross-links and so during these cases
 

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cross-links and so during these cases
they're<00:06:30.879><c> going</c><00:06:31.120><c> to</c><00:06:31.240><c> need</c><00:06:31.389><c> to</c><00:06:31.539><c> be</c><00:06:31.689><c> like</c><00:06:32.589><c> quickly</c>

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they're going to need to be like quickly
 

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they're going to need to be like quickly
downloading<00:06:33.610><c> parts</c><00:06:34.479><c> of</c><00:06:34.629><c> shards</c><00:06:35.229><c> that</c><00:06:35.349><c> they</c>

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downloading parts of shards that they
 

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downloading parts of shards that they
don't<00:06:35.620><c> have</c><00:06:35.800><c> and</c><00:06:36.189><c> so</c><00:06:36.460><c> they're</c><00:06:36.639><c> going</c><00:06:36.759><c> to</c><00:06:36.819><c> need</c>

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don't have and so they're going to need
 

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don't have and so they're going to need
to<00:06:37.029><c> do</c><00:06:37.210><c> that</c><00:06:37.389><c> in</c><00:06:37.599><c> a</c><00:06:37.689><c> way</c><00:06:37.839><c> that</c><00:06:38.460><c> like</c><00:06:39.460><c> you</c><00:06:39.729><c> can</c>

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to do that in a way that like you can
 

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to do that in a way that like you can
verify<00:06:40.300><c> it</c><00:06:40.569><c> so</c><00:06:40.839><c> you</c><00:06:41.319><c> know</c><00:06:41.379><c> they're</c><00:06:41.529><c> not</c><00:06:41.620><c> going</c>

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verify it so you know they're not going
 

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verify it so you know they're not going
to<00:06:41.830><c> be</c><00:06:41.919><c> using</c><00:06:42.370><c> an</c><00:06:42.729><c> inferior</c><00:06:43.449><c> like</c><00:06:43.779><c> system</c><00:06:44.169><c> to</c>

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to be using an inferior like system to
 

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to be using an inferior like system to
be<00:06:44.409><c> doing</c><00:06:44.650><c> that</c><00:06:44.800><c> they're</c><00:06:44.949><c> going</c><00:06:45.039><c> to</c><00:06:45.099><c> need</c><00:06:45.219><c> to</c>

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be doing that they're going to need to
 

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be doing that they're going to need to
actually<00:06:45.779><c> like</c><00:06:46.779><c> have</c><00:06:47.110><c> proof</c><00:06:47.529><c> that</c><00:06:47.860><c> what</c>

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actually like have proof that what
 

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actually like have proof that what
they're<00:06:48.580><c> getting</c><00:06:48.849><c> is</c><00:06:49.029><c> legitimate</c><00:06:53.039><c> so</c><00:06:54.039><c> with</c>

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they're getting is legitimate so with
 

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they're getting is legitimate so with
that<00:06:54.370><c> said</c><00:06:54.639><c> let's</c><00:06:54.969><c> just</c><00:06:55.120><c> cover</c><00:06:56.050><c> some</c><00:06:56.169><c> things</c>

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that said let's just cover some things
 

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that said let's just cover some things
that<00:06:57.180><c> some</c><00:06:58.180><c> of</c><00:06:58.210><c> you</c><00:06:58.330><c> probably</c><00:06:58.449><c> know</c><00:06:58.689><c> but</c><00:06:58.960><c> I</c>

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that some of you probably know but I
 

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that some of you probably know but I
just<00:06:59.199><c> want</c><00:06:59.349><c> to</c><00:06:59.409><c> cover</c><00:06:59.560><c> because</c><00:07:00.210><c> it'll</c><00:07:01.210><c> only</c>

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just want to cover because it'll only
 

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just want to cover because it'll only
help<00:07:01.569><c> out</c><00:07:01.810><c> like</c><00:07:02.259><c> you're</c><00:07:02.469><c> thinking</c><00:07:03.039><c> in</c><00:07:03.219><c> my</c>

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help out like you're thinking in my
 

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help out like you're thinking in my
understanding<00:07:03.639><c> of</c><00:07:04.089><c> one</c><00:07:04.300><c> of</c><00:07:04.569><c> my</c><00:07:05.439><c> pilots</c><00:07:05.650><c> so</c>

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understanding of one of my pilots so
 

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understanding of one of my pilots so
mirtha<00:07:07.180><c> proofs</c><00:07:07.449><c> are</c><00:07:07.900><c> basically</c><00:07:08.939><c> the</c><00:07:09.939><c> key</c><00:07:10.180><c> to</c>

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mirtha proofs are basically the key to
 

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mirtha proofs are basically the key to
the<00:07:10.629><c> castle</c><00:07:10.779><c> for</c><00:07:11.490><c> for</c><00:07:12.490><c> Lance</c><00:07:12.969><c> and</c><00:07:14.879><c> sure</c><00:07:15.879><c> to</c><00:07:15.939><c> let</c>

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the castle for for Lance and sure to let
 

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the castle for for Lance and sure to let
you<00:07:16.210><c> know</c><00:07:16.360><c> this</c><00:07:16.509><c> a</c><00:07:16.719><c> lot</c><00:07:16.810><c> of</c><00:07:17.020><c> you</c><00:07:17.589><c> might</c><00:07:17.770><c> know</c>

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you know this a lot of you might know
 

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you know this a lot of you might know
this<00:07:18.159><c> but</c><00:07:18.430><c> kind</c><00:07:19.270><c> of</c><00:07:19.330><c> cover</c><00:07:19.509><c> it</c><00:07:19.629><c> all</c><00:07:19.719><c> briefly</c>

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this but kind of cover it all briefly
 

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this but kind of cover it all briefly
some<00:07:20.889><c> rebel</c><00:07:21.099><c> proofs</c><00:07:21.309><c> are</c><00:07:21.430><c> waiting</c><00:07:21.729><c> to</c><00:07:21.819><c> verify</c>

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some rebel proofs are waiting to verify
 

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some rebel proofs are waiting to verify
some<00:07:22.990><c> piece</c><00:07:23.139><c> of</c><00:07:23.169><c> data</c><00:07:24.839><c> within</c><00:07:25.839><c> a</c><00:07:26.020><c> larger</c><00:07:27.419><c> sweep</c>

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some piece of data within a larger sweep
 

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some piece of data within a larger sweep
of<00:07:28.629><c> data</c><00:07:28.870><c> where</c><00:07:29.620><c> you</c><00:07:29.710><c> only</c><00:07:29.919><c> need</c><00:07:30.219><c> to</c><00:07:30.550><c> verify</c><00:07:30.759><c> a</c>

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of data where you only need to verify a
 

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of data where you only need to verify a
logarithmic<00:07:32.740><c> about</c><00:07:33.279><c> a</c><00:07:33.550><c> data</c><00:07:34.029><c> table</c><00:07:34.210><c> to</c><00:07:34.360><c> get</c><00:07:34.659><c> to</c>

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to<00:07:39.159><c> validate</c><00:07:39.610><c> that</c><00:07:39.839><c> something</c><00:07:40.839><c> is</c><00:07:40.930><c> authentic</c>

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to validate that something is authentic
 

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to validate that something is authentic
so<00:07:44.430><c> usually</c><00:07:45.430><c> what</c><00:07:45.580><c> we</c><00:07:46.110><c> are</c><00:07:47.110><c> wanting</c><00:07:47.439><c> some</c><00:07:47.830><c> kind</c>

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so usually what we are wanting some kind
 

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so usually what we are wanting some kind
of<00:07:48.009><c> data</c><00:07:48.219><c> we're</c><00:07:48.490><c> assuming</c><00:07:48.759><c> as</c><00:07:48.999><c> part</c><00:07:49.240><c> of</c><00:07:49.270><c> a</c>

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of data we're assuming as part of a
 

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of data we're assuming as part of a
workable<00:07:49.689><c> tree</c><00:07:49.959><c> and</c><00:07:50.199><c> a</c><00:07:51.189><c> miracle</c><00:07:51.580><c> tree</c><00:07:51.849><c> is</c><00:07:52.029><c> just</c>

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workable tree and a miracle tree is just
 

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workable tree and a miracle tree is just
a<00:07:52.449><c> hash</c><00:07:53.139><c> of</c><00:07:53.499><c> successive</c><00:07:54.039><c> hashes</c><00:07:54.399><c> of</c>

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a hash of successive hashes of
 

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a hash of successive hashes of
successive<00:07:54.969><c> hashes</c><00:07:55.330><c> and</c><00:07:55.599><c> you</c><00:07:56.289><c> end</c><00:07:56.469><c> up</c><00:07:56.589><c> with</c>

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successive hashes and you end up with
 

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successive hashes and you end up with
this<00:07:57.099><c> kind</c><00:07:57.339><c> of</c><00:07:57.459><c> root</c><00:07:57.699><c> hash</c><00:07:57.879><c> which</c><00:07:58.209><c> is</c><00:07:59.219><c> kind</c><00:08:00.219><c> of</c>

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this kind of root hash which is kind of
 

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this kind of root hash which is kind of
says<00:08:00.909><c> something</c><00:08:00.939><c> about</c><00:08:01.419><c> all</c><00:08:01.779><c> the</c><00:08:01.959><c> data</c>

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says something about all the data
 

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says something about all the data
underneath<00:08:02.649><c> of</c><00:08:02.770><c> it</c><00:08:03.029><c> and</c><00:08:04.529><c> very</c><00:08:05.529><c> importantly</c>

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underneath of it and very importantly
 

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underneath of it and very importantly
when<00:08:06.339><c> we're</c><00:08:06.550><c> kind</c><00:08:06.819><c> of</c><00:08:06.849><c> thinking</c><00:08:07.120><c> about</c><00:08:07.360><c> merkel</c>

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when we're kind of thinking about merkel
 

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when we're kind of thinking about merkel
proofs<00:08:08.550><c> we</c><00:08:09.550><c> have</c><00:08:09.789><c> this</c><00:08:10.180><c> root</c><00:08:10.599><c> that</c><00:08:10.779><c> we</c><00:08:10.899><c> trust</c>

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proofs we have this root that we trust
 

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proofs we have this root that we trust
and<00:08:11.529><c> so</c><00:08:12.129><c> this</c><00:08:12.310><c> e</c><00:08:12.550><c> would</c><00:08:12.789><c> like</c><00:08:12.969><c> verifying</c><00:08:13.899><c> data</c>

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and so this e would like verifying data
 

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and so this e would like verifying data
only<00:08:15.039><c> works</c><00:08:15.550><c> we</c><00:08:16.029><c> have</c><00:08:16.899><c> this</c><00:08:17.199><c> root</c><00:08:17.529><c> of</c><00:08:17.740><c> you</c>

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only works we have this root of you
 

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only works we have this root of you
trust<00:08:18.479><c> so</c><00:08:19.479><c> these</c><00:08:19.629><c> the</c><00:08:19.899><c> roots</c><00:08:20.319><c> are</c><00:08:20.560><c> often</c><00:08:20.889><c> like</c>

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trust so these the roots are often like
 

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trust so these the roots are often like
what's<00:08:21.399><c> stored</c><00:08:21.639><c> in</c><00:08:21.819><c> the</c><00:08:21.909><c> blockchain</c>

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so<00:08:25.760><c> actually</c><00:08:26.300><c> when</c><00:08:26.420><c> you're</c><00:08:26.510><c> verifying</c><00:08:27.080><c> this</c>

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so actually when you're verifying this
 

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so actually when you're verifying this
miracle<00:08:28.310><c> trip</c><00:08:28.670><c> usually</c><00:08:29.210><c> the</c><00:08:29.330><c> only</c><00:08:29.570><c> thing</c><00:08:29.720><c> you</c>

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miracle trip usually the only thing you
 

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miracle trip usually the only thing you
know<00:08:29.990><c> is</c><00:08:30.350><c> the</c><00:08:30.590><c> route</c><00:08:30.770><c> and</c><00:08:31.010><c> everything</c><00:08:31.460><c> else</c><00:08:31.580><c> is</c>

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know is the route and everything else is
 

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know is the route and everything else is
kind<00:08:31.970><c> of</c><00:08:32.000><c> just</c><00:08:32.210><c> unknown</c><00:08:32.930><c> to</c><00:08:33.560><c> you</c><00:08:33.710><c> and</c><00:08:33.830><c> that</c>

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kind of just unknown to you and that
 

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kind of just unknown to you and that
that's<00:08:34.220><c> why</c><00:08:34.430><c> you're</c><00:08:34.580><c> requesting</c><00:08:35.300><c> approval</c>

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that's why you're requesting approval
 

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that's why you're requesting approval
the<00:08:35.690><c> first</c><00:08:35.870><c> place</c><00:08:36.020><c> try</c><00:08:36.320><c> to</c><00:08:36.820><c> get</c><00:08:37.820><c> some</c>

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the first place try to get some
 

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the first place try to get some
information<00:08:38.090><c> that</c><00:08:38.690><c> you</c><00:08:38.780><c> don't</c><00:08:38.960><c> already</c><00:08:39.080><c> have</c>

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so<00:08:42.530><c> when</c><00:08:42.800><c> we</c><00:08:42.890><c> give</c><00:08:43.010><c> it</c><00:08:43.100><c> a</c><00:08:43.160><c> trip</c><00:08:43.310><c> of</c><00:08:43.430><c> a</c><00:08:43.520><c> note</c><00:08:43.730><c> we</c>

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so when we give it a trip of a note we
 

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so when we give it a trip of a note we
have<00:08:44.540><c> to</c><00:08:44.660><c> what</c><00:08:45.140><c> we're</c><00:08:45.260><c> doing</c><00:08:45.290><c> with</c><00:08:45.530><c> the</c><00:08:45.650><c> proof</c>

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have to what we're doing with the proof
 

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have to what we're doing with the proof
is<00:08:46.100><c> we're</c><00:08:46.280><c> linking</c><00:08:46.520><c> it</c><00:08:46.820><c> from</c><00:08:47.060><c> this</c><00:08:47.210><c> bottom</c>

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is we're linking it from this bottom
 

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is we're linking it from this bottom
piece<00:08:48.770><c> all</c><00:08:49.310><c> the</c><00:08:49.670><c> way</c><00:08:49.700><c> up</c><00:08:50.090><c> to</c><00:08:50.690><c> this</c><00:08:50.870><c> route</c><00:08:51.140><c> that</c>

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piece all the way up to this route that
 

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piece all the way up to this route that
we<00:08:51.410><c> already</c><00:08:51.590><c> know</c><00:08:51.920><c> and</c><00:08:52.280><c> so</c><00:08:52.670><c> we're</c><00:08:53.090><c> wanting</c><00:08:53.330><c> to</c>

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we already know and so we're wanting to
 

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we already know and so we're wanting to
be<00:08:53.510><c> able</c><00:08:53.660><c> to</c><00:08:53.750><c> recreate</c><00:08:54.310><c> this</c><00:08:55.310><c> route</c><00:08:55.640><c> which</c><00:08:56.210><c> we</c>

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be able to recreate this route which we
 

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be able to recreate this route which we
do<00:08:56.540><c> trust</c><00:08:57.940><c> so</c><00:08:58.940><c> what</c><00:08:59.510><c> we</c><00:08:59.630><c> what</c><00:08:59.990><c> we</c><00:09:00.020><c> need</c><00:09:00.380><c> with</c><00:09:00.560><c> a</c>

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do trust so what we what we need with a
 

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do trust so what we what we need with a
proof<00:09:01.280><c> what</c><00:09:01.550><c> the</c><00:09:01.610><c> proof</c><00:09:01.760><c> actually</c><00:09:01.970><c> is</c><00:09:02.420><c> is</c><00:09:02.750><c> it's</c>

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proof what the proof actually is is it's
 

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proof what the proof actually is is it's
one<00:09:03.920><c> intermediate</c><00:09:04.580><c> node</c><00:09:05.800><c> per</c><00:09:06.800><c> level</c><00:09:07.250><c> in</c><00:09:07.460><c> the</c>

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one intermediate node per level in the
 

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one intermediate node per level in the
treatment<00:09:07.940><c> starting</c><00:09:08.330><c> from</c><00:09:08.420><c> the</c><00:09:08.510><c> bottom</c><00:09:08.660><c> so</c>

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treatment starting from the bottom so
 

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treatment starting from the bottom so
we're<00:09:09.200><c> able</c><00:09:09.400><c> to</c><00:09:10.400><c> kind</c><00:09:11.090><c> of</c><00:09:11.150><c> build</c><00:09:11.840><c> up</c><00:09:12.170><c> to</c><00:09:12.860><c> the</c>

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we're able to kind of build up to the
 

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we're able to kind of build up to the
very<00:09:13.130><c> top</c><00:09:13.310><c> of</c><00:09:13.940><c> the</c><00:09:14.900><c> tree</c><00:09:15.470><c> to</c><00:09:15.740><c> the</c><00:09:15.770><c> root</c><00:09:16.070><c> and</c><00:09:16.340><c> at</c>

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very top of the tree to the root and at
 

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very top of the tree to the root and at
that<00:09:16.940><c> point</c><00:09:17.270><c> you</c><00:09:17.570><c> can</c><00:09:17.750><c> compare</c><00:09:18.200><c> this</c>

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that point you can compare this
 

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that point you can compare this
recreated<00:09:20.180><c> route</c><00:09:20.450><c> against</c><00:09:21.130><c> your</c><00:09:22.130><c> previously</c>

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recreated route against your previously
 

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recreated route against your previously
computed<00:09:23.210><c> or</c><00:09:23.630><c> previously</c><00:09:24.410><c> trusted</c><00:09:24.890><c> root</c><00:09:25.040><c> and</c>

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computed or previously trusted root and
 

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computed or previously trusted root and
if<00:09:25.430><c> they</c><00:09:25.550><c> match</c><00:09:25.790><c> then</c><00:09:26.600><c> you</c><00:09:26.780><c> kind</c><00:09:27.080><c> of</c><00:09:27.140><c> like</c><00:09:27.320><c> have</c>

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if they match then you kind of like have
 

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if they match then you kind of like have
proven<00:09:28.160><c> this</c><00:09:28.370><c> entire</c><00:09:28.790><c> chain</c><00:09:29.330><c> all</c><00:09:29.780><c> the</c><00:09:30.260><c> way</c><00:09:30.350><c> to</c>

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proven this entire chain all the way to
 

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proven this entire chain all the way to
the<00:09:30.560><c> bottom</c><00:09:30.740><c> and</c><00:09:31.100><c> so</c><00:09:31.970><c> what's</c><00:09:32.300><c> really</c><00:09:32.360><c> cool</c>

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the bottom and so what's really cool
 

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the bottom and so what's really cool
about<00:09:32.750><c> this</c><00:09:33.170><c> is</c><00:09:33.410><c> that</c><00:09:34.160><c> you</c><00:09:34.250><c> only</c><00:09:34.460><c> need</c><00:09:34.840><c> one</c>

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about this is that you only need one
 

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about this is that you only need one
note<00:09:36.410><c> per</c><00:09:36.680><c> level</c><00:09:37.040><c> tree</c><00:09:37.580><c> and</c><00:09:37.880><c> that</c><00:09:38.540><c> grows</c><00:09:38.810><c> very</c>

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note per level tree and that grows very
 

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note per level tree and that grows very
very<00:09:39.440><c> slowly</c><00:09:39.770><c> with</c><00:09:40.040><c> like</c><00:09:40.220><c> the</c><00:09:40.400><c> total</c><00:09:40.610><c> amount</c>

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very slowly with like the total amount
 

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very slowly with like the total amount
of<00:09:41.000><c> data</c><00:09:41.860><c> so</c><00:09:42.860><c> that's</c><00:09:43.580><c> why</c><00:09:43.820><c> it's</c><00:09:43.970><c> so</c><00:09:44.090><c> important</c>

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of data so that's why it's so important
 

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of data so that's why it's so important
for<00:09:44.630><c> these</c><00:09:45.110><c> light</c><00:09:45.410><c> clients</c><00:09:45.800><c> because</c><00:09:46.040><c> it's</c>

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for these light clients because it's
 

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for these light clients because it's
only<00:09:46.370><c> a</c><00:09:46.460><c> small</c><00:09:47.000><c> amount</c><00:09:47.420><c> of</c><00:09:47.540><c> work</c><00:09:48.530><c> that</c><00:09:48.590><c> you</c>

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only a small amount of work that you
 

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only a small amount of work that you
need<00:09:49.010><c> to</c><00:09:49.130><c> do</c><00:09:49.280><c> to</c><00:09:49.490><c> prove</c><00:09:49.730><c> even</c><00:09:50.390><c> if</c><00:09:50.690><c> there's</c><00:09:50.900><c> a</c>

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need to do to prove even if there's a
 

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need to do to prove even if there's a
giant<00:09:51.530><c> amount</c><00:09:52.100><c> of</c><00:09:52.160><c> data</c><00:09:52.820><c> into</c><00:09:53.150><c> one</c><00:09:55.240><c> kind</c><00:09:56.240><c> of</c><00:09:56.300><c> a</c>

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giant amount of data into one kind of a
 

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giant amount of data into one kind of a
psych<00:09:56.570><c> engine</c><00:09:57.020><c> multi</c><00:09:57.770><c> proofs</c><00:09:58.040><c> that's</c><00:09:58.430><c> kind</c><00:09:58.670><c> of</c>

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psych engine multi proofs that's kind of
 

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psych engine multi proofs that's kind of
just<00:09:58.940><c> an</c><00:09:59.030><c> extension</c><00:09:59.360><c> of</c><00:09:59.540><c> the</c><00:09:59.800><c> verbal</c><00:10:00.800><c> proof</c>

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just an extension of the verbal proof
 

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just an extension of the verbal proof
idea<00:10:01.550><c> and</c><00:10:01.940><c> a</c><00:10:02.390><c> Merkle</c><00:10:02.690><c> multi</c><00:10:03.140><c> proof</c><00:10:03.440><c> we</c><00:10:04.190><c> are</c>

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idea and a Merkle multi proof we are
 

00:10:04.630 --> 00:10:08.470 align:start position:0%
idea and a Merkle multi proof we are
proving<00:10:05.630><c> data</c><00:10:06.140><c> about</c><00:10:06.530><c> multiple</c><00:10:07.160><c> pieces</c><00:10:07.910><c> in</c>

00:10:08.470 --> 00:10:08.480 align:start position:0%
proving data about multiple pieces in
 

00:10:08.480 --> 00:10:10.750 align:start position:0%
proving data about multiple pieces in
this<00:10:09.110><c> trader</c><00:10:09.470><c> multiple</c><00:10:09.980><c> leaves</c><00:10:10.190><c> in</c><00:10:10.460><c> the</c><00:10:10.550><c> tree</c>

00:10:10.750 --> 00:10:10.760 align:start position:0%
this trader multiple leaves in the tree
 

00:10:10.760 --> 00:10:14.590 align:start position:0%
this trader multiple leaves in the tree
and<00:10:11.660><c> so</c><00:10:12.430><c> very</c><00:10:13.430><c> similar</c><00:10:13.850><c> to</c><00:10:13.970><c> a</c><00:10:14.030><c> Morgul</c><00:10:14.390><c> proof</c>

00:10:14.590 --> 00:10:14.600 align:start position:0%
and so very similar to a Morgul proof
 

00:10:14.600 --> 00:10:18.100 align:start position:0%
and so very similar to a Morgul proof
you're<00:10:15.470><c> wanting</c><00:10:15.770><c> to</c><00:10:16.270><c> build</c><00:10:17.270><c> back</c><00:10:17.570><c> up</c><00:10:17.600><c> the</c><00:10:17.900><c> tree</c>

00:10:18.100 --> 00:10:18.110 align:start position:0%
you're wanting to build back up the tree
 

00:10:18.110 --> 00:10:19.950 align:start position:0%
you're wanting to build back up the tree
to<00:10:18.290><c> the</c><00:10:18.410><c> root</c><00:10:18.560><c> but</c><00:10:19.100><c> what</c><00:10:19.370><c> makes</c><00:10:19.700><c> them</c>

00:10:19.950 --> 00:10:19.960 align:start position:0%
to the root but what makes them
 

00:10:19.960 --> 00:10:21.330 align:start position:0%
to the root but what makes them
creep<00:10:20.260><c> a</c><00:10:20.320><c> little</c><00:10:20.530><c> bit</c><00:10:20.620><c> different</c><00:10:20.950><c> is</c><00:10:21.070><c> that</c><00:10:21.220><c> you</c>

00:10:21.330 --> 00:10:21.340 align:start position:0%
creep a little bit different is that you
 

00:10:21.340 --> 00:10:24.510 align:start position:0%
creep a little bit different is that you
can<00:10:21.520><c> you</c><00:10:22.390><c> could</c><00:10:22.510><c> share</c><00:10:22.890><c> these</c><00:10:23.890><c> intermediate</c>

00:10:24.510 --> 00:10:24.520 align:start position:0%
can you could share these intermediate
 

00:10:24.520 --> 00:10:29.370 align:start position:0%
can you could share these intermediate
nodes<00:10:24.810><c> between</c><00:10:27.120><c> between</c><00:10:28.120><c> all</c><00:10:28.450><c> your</c><00:10:28.480><c> paths</c><00:10:28.960><c> and</c>

00:10:29.370 --> 00:10:29.380 align:start position:0%
nodes between between all your paths and
 

00:10:29.380 --> 00:10:30.810 align:start position:0%
nodes between between all your paths and
so<00:10:29.500><c> you're</c><00:10:29.620><c> able</c><00:10:29.710><c> to</c><00:10:29.890><c> be</c><00:10:30.070><c> able</c><00:10:30.490><c> to</c><00:10:30.610><c> be</c><00:10:30.700><c> a</c><00:10:30.760><c> little</c>

00:10:30.810 --> 00:10:30.820 align:start position:0%
so you're able to be able to be a little
 

00:10:30.820 --> 00:10:33.510 align:start position:0%
so you're able to be able to be a little
bit<00:10:31.030><c> more</c><00:10:31.120><c> efficient</c><00:10:31.600><c> than</c><00:10:32.350><c> just</c><00:10:32.560><c> having</c><00:10:32.860><c> one</c>

00:10:33.510 --> 00:10:33.520 align:start position:0%
bit more efficient than just having one
 

00:10:33.520 --> 00:10:36.120 align:start position:0%
bit more efficient than just having one
proof<00:10:33.790><c> for</c><00:10:34.060><c> one</c><00:10:34.240><c> branch</c><00:10:35.170><c> one</c><00:10:35.650><c> proof</c><00:10:35.920><c> for</c>

00:10:36.120 --> 00:10:36.130 align:start position:0%
proof for one branch one proof for
 

00:10:36.130 --> 00:10:39.030 align:start position:0%
proof for one branch one proof for
another<00:10:36.340><c> branch</c><00:10:37.530><c> we're</c><00:10:38.530><c> going</c><00:10:38.650><c> to</c><00:10:38.770><c> be</c><00:10:38.860><c> under</c>

00:10:39.030 --> 00:10:39.040 align:start position:0%
another branch we're going to be under
 

00:10:39.040 --> 00:10:41.760 align:start position:0%
another branch we're going to be under
picking<00:10:39.310><c> advantage</c><00:10:39.670><c> of</c><00:10:39.760><c> this</c><00:10:39.910><c> verb</c><00:10:40.770><c> aetherium</c>

00:10:41.760 --> 00:10:41.770 align:start position:0%
picking advantage of this verb aetherium
 

00:10:41.770 --> 00:10:47.820 align:start position:0%
picking advantage of this verb aetherium
to<00:10:42.760><c> my</c><00:10:43.000><c> plants</c><00:10:46.590><c> another</c><00:10:47.590><c> thing</c><00:10:47.710><c> to</c><00:10:47.800><c> think</c>

00:10:47.820 --> 00:10:47.830 align:start position:0%
to my plants another thing to think
 

00:10:47.830 --> 00:10:50.010 align:start position:0%
to my plants another thing to think
about<00:10:48.520><c> is</c><00:10:48.820><c> just</c><00:10:49.300><c> being</c><00:10:49.390><c> proof</c><00:10:49.720><c> of</c><00:10:49.840><c> work</c>

00:10:50.010 --> 00:10:50.020 align:start position:0%
about is just being proof of work
 

00:10:50.020 --> 00:10:53.450 align:start position:0%
about is just being proof of work
improvement<00:10:50.620><c> stake</c><00:10:51.340><c> light</c><00:10:51.610><c> clients</c><00:10:52.060><c> so</c>

00:10:53.450 --> 00:10:53.460 align:start position:0%
improvement stake light clients so
 

00:10:53.460 --> 00:10:56.250 align:start position:0%
improvement stake light clients so
improvements<00:10:54.460><c> work</c><00:10:54.730><c> light</c><00:10:55.510><c> clients</c><00:10:55.960><c> it's</c>

00:10:56.250 --> 00:10:56.260 align:start position:0%
improvements work light clients it's
 

00:10:56.260 --> 00:10:58.860 align:start position:0%
improvements work light clients it's
really<00:10:57.210><c> it's</c><00:10:58.210><c> kind</c><00:10:58.420><c> of</c><00:10:58.450><c> easy</c><00:10:58.660><c> because</c>

00:10:58.860 --> 00:10:58.870 align:start position:0%
really it's kind of easy because
 

00:10:58.870 --> 00:11:00.750 align:start position:0%
really it's kind of easy because
everything<00:10:59.320><c> is</c><00:10:59.410><c> everything</c><00:11:00.250><c> that</c><00:11:00.460><c> you</c><00:11:00.550><c> need</c>

00:11:00.750 --> 00:11:00.760 align:start position:0%
everything is everything that you need
 

00:11:00.760 --> 00:11:03.090 align:start position:0%
everything is everything that you need
is<00:11:00.910><c> within</c><00:11:01.180><c> the</c><00:11:01.240><c> protocol</c><00:11:01.720><c> you</c><00:11:02.320><c> can</c><00:11:02.890><c> download</c>

00:11:03.090 --> 00:11:03.100 align:start position:0%
is within the protocol you can download
 

00:11:03.100 --> 00:11:04.590 align:start position:0%
is within the protocol you can download
all<00:11:03.520><c> the</c><00:11:03.640><c> headers</c><00:11:03.820><c> and</c><00:11:04.210><c> you</c><00:11:04.270><c> verify</c>

00:11:04.590 --> 00:11:04.600 align:start position:0%
all the headers and you verify
 

00:11:04.600 --> 00:11:08.660 align:start position:0%
all the headers and you verify
everything<00:11:05.230><c> based</c><00:11:05.590><c> on</c><00:11:05.770><c> protocol</c><00:11:06.190><c> rules</c><00:11:06.460><c> so</c>

00:11:08.660 --> 00:11:08.670 align:start position:0%
everything based on protocol rules so
 

00:11:08.670 --> 00:11:11.070 align:start position:0%
everything based on protocol rules so
these<00:11:09.670><c> this</c><00:11:10.060><c> kind</c><00:11:10.270><c> of</c><00:11:10.390><c> like</c><00:11:10.480><c> headers</c><00:11:10.840><c> you</c>

00:11:11.070 --> 00:11:11.080 align:start position:0%
these this kind of like headers you
 

00:11:11.080 --> 00:11:14.940 align:start position:0%
these this kind of like headers you
download<00:11:11.440><c> all</c><00:11:11.560><c> the</c><00:11:11.620><c> headers</c><00:11:12.480><c> you</c><00:11:13.950><c> everything</c>

00:11:14.940 --> 00:11:14.950 align:start position:0%
download all the headers you everything
 

00:11:14.950 --> 00:11:16.620 align:start position:0%
download all the headers you everything
is<00:11:15.100><c> available</c><00:11:15.670><c> to</c><00:11:15.820><c> you</c><00:11:15.910><c> just</c><00:11:16.240><c> from</c><00:11:16.480><c> those</c>

00:11:16.620 --> 00:11:16.630 align:start position:0%
is available to you just from those
 

00:11:16.630 --> 00:11:19.110 align:start position:0%
is available to you just from those
headers<00:11:16.900><c> you</c><00:11:17.500><c> hatch</c><00:11:17.680><c> the</c><00:11:17.890><c> headers</c><00:11:18.190><c> you</c><00:11:18.730><c> verify</c>

00:11:19.110 --> 00:11:19.120 align:start position:0%
headers you hatch the headers you verify
 

00:11:19.120 --> 00:11:22.260 align:start position:0%
headers you hatch the headers you verify
the<00:11:19.180><c> proof</c><00:11:19.450><c> of</c><00:11:19.540><c> work</c><00:11:19.830><c> you</c><00:11:20.830><c> verify</c><00:11:21.280><c> that</c><00:11:21.310><c> the</c>

00:11:22.260 --> 00:11:22.270 align:start position:0%
the proof of work you verify that the
 

00:11:22.270 --> 00:11:24.020 align:start position:0%
the proof of work you verify that the
header<00:11:22.510><c> points</c><00:11:23.140><c> back</c><00:11:23.320><c> to</c><00:11:23.440><c> the</c><00:11:23.530><c> previous</c>

00:11:24.020 --> 00:11:24.030 align:start position:0%
header points back to the previous
 

00:11:24.030 --> 00:11:28.500 align:start position:0%
header points back to the previous
header<00:11:25.230><c> and</c><00:11:26.230><c> then</c><00:11:26.880><c> that's</c><00:11:27.880><c> that</c><00:11:27.970><c> that's</c><00:11:28.360><c> all</c>

00:11:28.500 --> 00:11:28.510 align:start position:0%
header and then that's that that's all
 

00:11:28.510 --> 00:11:30.420 align:start position:0%
header and then that's that that's all
you<00:11:28.600><c> need</c><00:11:28.750><c> to</c><00:11:28.840><c> do</c><00:11:28.990><c> once</c><00:11:29.890><c> you</c><00:11:29.950><c> read</c><00:11:30.130><c> like</c><00:11:30.310><c> the</c>

00:11:30.420 --> 00:11:30.430 align:start position:0%
you need to do once you read like the
 

00:11:30.430 --> 00:11:32.670 align:start position:0%
you need to do once you read like the
final<00:11:30.760><c> header</c><00:11:30.990><c> the</c><00:11:31.990><c> local</c><00:11:32.290><c> roots</c><00:11:32.470><c> are</c><00:11:32.590><c> right</c>

00:11:32.670 --> 00:11:32.680 align:start position:0%
final header the local roots are right
 

00:11:32.680 --> 00:11:34.650 align:start position:0%
final header the local roots are right
there<00:11:32.920><c> and</c><00:11:33.250><c> then</c><00:11:33.940><c> you</c><00:11:34.030><c> can</c><00:11:34.150><c> request</c><00:11:34.480><c> the</c>

00:11:34.650 --> 00:11:34.660 align:start position:0%
there and then you can request the
 

00:11:34.660 --> 00:11:35.190 align:start position:0%
there and then you can request the
proofs

00:11:35.190 --> 00:11:35.200 align:start position:0%
proofs
 

00:11:35.200 --> 00:11:39.300 align:start position:0%
proofs
so<00:11:36.060><c> this</c><00:11:37.060><c> tabs</c><00:11:37.270><c> usually</c><00:11:37.570><c> go</c><00:11:37.750><c> sync</c><00:11:38.170><c> up</c><00:11:38.350><c> and</c><00:11:38.920><c> now</c>

00:11:39.300 --> 00:11:39.310 align:start position:0%
so this tabs usually go sync up and now
 

00:11:39.310 --> 00:11:43.620 align:start position:0%
so this tabs usually go sync up and now
you<00:11:39.370><c> have</c><00:11:40.770><c> not</c><00:11:41.770><c> you</c><00:11:41.830><c> know</c><00:11:42.270><c> then</c><00:11:43.270><c> you</c><00:11:43.360><c> can</c><00:11:43.390><c> just</c>

00:11:43.620 --> 00:11:43.630 align:start position:0%
you have not you know then you can just
 

00:11:43.630 --> 00:11:46.230 align:start position:0%
you have not you know then you can just
put<00:11:43.780><c> Wes</c><00:11:43.900><c> first</c><00:11:44.580><c> improve</c><00:11:45.580><c> of</c><00:11:45.700><c> stake</c><00:11:46.000><c> is</c><00:11:46.180><c> a</c>

00:11:46.230 --> 00:11:46.240 align:start position:0%
put Wes first improve of stake is a
 

00:11:46.240 --> 00:11:49.650 align:start position:0%
put Wes first improve of stake is a
little<00:11:46.510><c> bit</c><00:11:46.630><c> different</c><00:11:47.020><c> because</c><00:11:48.330><c> the</c><00:11:49.330><c> headers</c>

00:11:49.650 --> 00:11:49.660 align:start position:0%
little bit different because the headers
 

00:11:49.660 --> 00:11:52.680 align:start position:0%
little bit different because the headers
alone<00:11:50.050><c> are</c><00:11:50.380><c> sufficient</c><00:11:50.560><c> to</c><00:11:51.130><c> verify</c><00:11:52.060><c> it</c><00:11:52.120><c> proofs</c>

00:11:52.680 --> 00:11:52.690 align:start position:0%
alone are sufficient to verify it proofs
 

00:11:52.690 --> 00:11:55.740 align:start position:0%
alone are sufficient to verify it proofs
you<00:11:53.230><c> have</c><00:11:53.350><c> to</c><00:11:53.500><c> also</c><00:11:53.910><c> keep</c><00:11:54.910><c> track</c><00:11:55.180><c> of</c><00:11:55.420><c> the</c><00:11:55.480><c> state</c>

00:11:55.740 --> 00:11:55.750 align:start position:0%
you have to also keep track of the state
 

00:11:55.750 --> 00:11:59.160 align:start position:0%
you have to also keep track of the state
of<00:11:56.220><c> validators</c><00:11:57.220><c> because</c><00:11:57.520><c> in</c><00:11:58.180><c> this</c><00:11:58.840><c> proof</c><00:11:59.080><c> of</c>

00:11:59.160 --> 00:11:59.170 align:start position:0%
of validators because in this proof of
 

00:11:59.170 --> 00:12:01.580 align:start position:0%
of validators because in this proof of
stake<00:11:59.380><c> world</c><00:11:59.560><c> were</c><00:11:59.770><c> governed</c><00:12:00.040><c> by</c><00:12:00.130><c> some</c>

00:12:01.580 --> 00:12:01.590 align:start position:0%
stake world were governed by some
 

00:12:01.590 --> 00:12:04.950 align:start position:0%
stake world were governed by some
supermajority<00:12:02.590><c> state</c><00:12:03.100><c> so</c><00:12:03.490><c> we</c><00:12:03.670><c> after</c><00:12:04.660><c> the</c><00:12:04.750><c> sure</c>

00:12:04.950 --> 00:12:04.960 align:start position:0%
supermajority state so we after the sure
 

00:12:04.960 --> 00:12:07.230 align:start position:0%
supermajority state so we after the sure
were<00:12:05.140><c> on</c><00:12:05.290><c> the</c><00:12:05.380><c> chain</c><00:12:05.620><c> was</c><00:12:05.920><c> the</c><00:12:06.100><c> most</c><00:12:06.310><c> state</c><00:12:06.700><c> the</c>

00:12:07.230 --> 00:12:07.240 align:start position:0%
were on the chain was the most state the
 

00:12:07.240 --> 00:12:08.640 align:start position:0%
were on the chain was the most state the
only<00:12:07.450><c> way</c><00:12:07.570><c> you</c><00:12:07.660><c> can</c><00:12:07.780><c> do</c><00:12:07.960><c> that</c><00:12:07.990><c> is</c><00:12:08.200><c> by</c><00:12:08.320><c> keeping</c>

00:12:08.640 --> 00:12:08.650 align:start position:0%
only way you can do that is by keeping
 

00:12:08.650 --> 00:12:09.600 align:start position:0%
only way you can do that is by keeping
track<00:12:08.710><c> of</c>

00:12:09.600 --> 00:12:09.610 align:start position:0%
track of
 

00:12:09.610 --> 00:12:12.240 align:start position:0%
track of
validators<00:12:10.300><c> and</c><00:12:10.450><c> their</c><00:12:10.540><c> balances</c><00:12:11.020><c> and</c><00:12:11.290><c> how</c>

00:12:12.240 --> 00:12:12.250 align:start position:0%
validators and their balances and how
 

00:12:12.250 --> 00:12:16.080 align:start position:0%
validators and their balances and how
they<00:12:12.430><c> voted</c><00:12:13.470><c> so</c><00:12:14.470><c> this</c><00:12:14.680><c> is</c><00:12:14.830><c> it's</c><00:12:15.310><c> a</c><00:12:15.460><c> different</c>

00:12:16.080 --> 00:12:16.090 align:start position:0%
they voted so this is it's a different
 

00:12:16.090 --> 00:12:17.640 align:start position:0%
they voted so this is it's a different
piece<00:12:16.240><c> than</c><00:12:16.480><c> proof</c><00:12:16.660><c> of</c><00:12:16.810><c> work</c><00:12:16.990><c> but</c><00:12:17.260><c> it's</c><00:12:17.590><c> an</c>

00:12:17.640 --> 00:12:17.650 align:start position:0%
piece than proof of work but it's an
 

00:12:17.650 --> 00:12:18.560 align:start position:0%
piece than proof of work but it's an
opportunity<00:12:17.860><c> to</c><00:12:18.340><c> do</c>

00:12:18.560 --> 00:12:18.570 align:start position:0%
opportunity to do
 

00:12:18.570 --> 00:12:21.290 align:start position:0%
opportunity to do
differently<00:12:19.380><c> and</c><00:12:19.610><c> maybe</c><00:12:20.610><c> do</c><00:12:20.850><c> things</c><00:12:21.120><c> a</c><00:12:21.210><c> little</c>

00:12:21.290 --> 00:12:21.300 align:start position:0%
differently and maybe do things a little
 

00:12:21.300 --> 00:12:26.330 align:start position:0%
differently and maybe do things a little
more<00:12:21.570><c> efficiently</c><00:12:24.710><c> I</c><00:12:25.710><c> want</c><00:12:25.980><c> to</c><00:12:26.040><c> think</c><00:12:26.160><c> another</c>

00:12:26.330 --> 00:12:26.340 align:start position:0%
more efficiently I want to think another
 

00:12:26.340 --> 00:12:29.750 align:start position:0%
more efficiently I want to think another
little<00:12:26.640><c> detour</c><00:12:27.350><c> to</c><00:12:28.350><c> think</c><00:12:29.340><c> about</c><00:12:29.460><c> simple</c>

00:12:29.750 --> 00:12:29.760 align:start position:0%
little detour to think about simple
 

00:12:29.760 --> 00:12:31.490 align:start position:0%
little detour to think about simple
sterilized<00:12:30.180><c> because</c><00:12:30.390><c> the</c><00:12:30.630><c> speck</c><00:12:30.900><c> that</c><00:12:31.170><c> we</c>

00:12:31.490 --> 00:12:31.500 align:start position:0%
sterilized because the speck that we
 

00:12:31.500 --> 00:12:35.110 align:start position:0%
sterilized because the speck that we
have<00:12:31.680><c> for</c><00:12:31.920><c> a</c><00:12:31.950><c> theorem</c><00:12:32.400><c> to</c><00:12:32.640><c> and</c><00:12:32.940><c> it's</c><00:12:33.720><c> a</c><00:12:33.930><c> way</c><00:12:34.140><c> to</c>

00:12:35.110 --> 00:12:35.120 align:start position:0%
have for a theorem to and it's a way to
 

00:12:35.120 --> 00:12:39.610 align:start position:0%
have for a theorem to and it's a way to
consistently<00:12:36.120><c> and</c><00:12:36.360><c> easily</c><00:12:37.220><c> Merkel</c><00:12:38.220><c> eyes</c><00:12:38.370><c> our</c>

00:12:39.610 --> 00:12:39.620 align:start position:0%
consistently and easily Merkel eyes our
 

00:12:39.620 --> 00:12:42.740 align:start position:0%
consistently and easily Merkel eyes our
data<00:12:40.620><c> structures</c><00:12:41.130><c> so</c><00:12:41.760><c> to</c><00:12:42.180><c> kind</c><00:12:42.570><c> of</c><00:12:42.600><c> go</c><00:12:42.720><c> through</c>

00:12:42.740 --> 00:12:42.750 align:start position:0%
data structures so to kind of go through
 

00:12:42.750 --> 00:12:49.880 align:start position:0%
data structures so to kind of go through
do<00:12:43.410><c> my</c><00:12:43.560><c> example</c><00:12:44.990><c> so</c><00:12:46.610><c> what</c><00:12:47.610><c> it</c><00:12:47.700><c> does</c><00:12:47.850><c> is</c><00:12:48.680><c> we</c><00:12:49.680><c> can</c>

00:12:49.880 --> 00:12:49.890 align:start position:0%
do my example so what it does is we can
 

00:12:49.890 --> 00:12:52.550 align:start position:0%
do my example so what it does is we can
create<00:12:50.400><c> a</c><00:12:50.490><c> consistent</c><00:12:50.790><c> way</c><00:12:51.120><c> of</c><00:12:51.560><c> creating</c>

00:12:52.550 --> 00:12:52.560 align:start position:0%
create a consistent way of creating
 

00:12:52.560 --> 00:12:55.820 align:start position:0%
create a consistent way of creating
these<00:12:52.950><c> merkel</c><00:12:53.370><c> routes</c><00:12:53.550><c> or</c><00:12:54.300><c> any</c><00:12:54.780><c> kind</c><00:12:55.140><c> of</c><00:12:55.170><c> data</c>

00:12:55.820 --> 00:12:55.830 align:start position:0%
these merkel routes or any kind of data
 

00:12:55.830 --> 00:12:57.650 align:start position:0%
these merkel routes or any kind of data
structures<00:12:56.280><c> have</c><00:12:56.580><c> so</c><00:12:56.880><c> for</c><00:12:57.330><c> exactly</c><00:12:57.630><c> a</c>

00:12:57.650 --> 00:12:57.660 align:start position:0%
structures have so for exactly a
 

00:12:57.660 --> 00:12:59.540 align:start position:0%
structures have so for exactly a
checkpoint<00:12:57.990><c> a</c><00:12:58.380><c> checkpoint</c><00:12:58.590><c> is</c><00:12:58.890><c> an</c><00:12:59.010><c> epoch</c><00:12:59.310><c> in</c><00:12:59.340><c> a</c>

00:12:59.540 --> 00:12:59.550 align:start position:0%
checkpoint a checkpoint is an epoch in a
 

00:12:59.550 --> 00:13:01.400 align:start position:0%
checkpoint a checkpoint is an epoch in a
route<00:12:59.730><c> so</c><00:13:00.540><c> if</c><00:13:00.630><c> we</c><00:13:00.720><c> wanted</c><00:13:00.930><c> to</c><00:13:01.020><c> make</c><00:13:01.170><c> a</c><00:13:01.200><c> vertical</c>

00:13:01.400 --> 00:13:01.410 align:start position:0%
route so if we wanted to make a vertical
 

00:13:01.410 --> 00:13:04.310 align:start position:0%
route so if we wanted to make a vertical
tree<00:13:01.650><c> out</c><00:13:01.770><c> of</c><00:13:01.860><c> this</c><00:13:01.980><c> we</c><00:13:02.250><c> would</c><00:13:02.780><c> just</c><00:13:03.780><c> put</c><00:13:04.050><c> each</c>

00:13:04.310 --> 00:13:04.320 align:start position:0%
tree out of this we would just put each
 

00:13:04.320 --> 00:13:07.600 align:start position:0%
tree out of this we would just put each
of<00:13:04.740><c> these</c><00:13:05.520><c> elements</c><00:13:06.030><c> into</c><00:13:06.240><c> chunks</c><00:13:06.750><c> and</c><00:13:07.020><c> then</c>

00:13:07.600 --> 00:13:07.610 align:start position:0%
of these elements into chunks and then
 

00:13:07.610 --> 00:13:11.690 align:start position:0%
of these elements into chunks and then
create<00:13:08.610><c> a</c><00:13:08.670><c> 1/2</c><00:13:09.390><c> from</c><00:13:09.660><c> this</c><00:13:09.920><c> we</c><00:13:10.920><c> didn't</c><00:13:11.190><c> get</c><00:13:11.640><c> a</c>

00:13:11.690 --> 00:13:11.700 align:start position:0%
create a 1/2 from this we didn't get a
 

00:13:11.700 --> 00:13:13.640 align:start position:0%
create a 1/2 from this we didn't get a
little<00:13:11.910><c> more</c><00:13:12.030><c> complicated</c><00:13:12.650><c> everything</c>

00:13:13.640 --> 00:13:13.650 align:start position:0%
little more complicated everything
 

00:13:13.650 --> 00:13:17.120 align:start position:0%
little more complicated everything
called<00:13:13.890><c> a</c><00:13:13.920><c> cross</c><00:13:14.160><c> link</c><00:13:14.900><c> then</c><00:13:15.900><c> we</c><00:13:16.080><c> can</c><00:13:16.290><c> still</c>

00:13:17.120 --> 00:13:17.130 align:start position:0%
called a cross link then we can still
 

00:13:17.130 --> 00:13:19.700 align:start position:0%
called a cross link then we can still
create<00:13:17.490><c> a</c><00:13:18.300><c> vertical</c><00:13:18.810><c> tree</c><00:13:19.080><c> from</c><00:13:19.230><c> that</c><00:13:19.410><c> we</c><00:13:19.560><c> just</c>

00:13:19.700 --> 00:13:19.710 align:start position:0%
create a vertical tree from that we just
 

00:13:19.710 --> 00:13:22.820 align:start position:0%
create a vertical tree from that we just
pad<00:13:19.950><c> it</c><00:13:20.130><c> with</c><00:13:20.250><c> some</c><00:13:20.490><c> sub-zero</c><00:13:21.060><c> data</c><00:13:21.510><c> and</c><00:13:21.900><c> then</c>

00:13:22.820 --> 00:13:22.830 align:start position:0%
pad it with some sub-zero data and then
 

00:13:22.830 --> 00:13:25.190 align:start position:0%
pad it with some sub-zero data and then
we<00:13:22.860><c> can</c><00:13:23.190><c> kind</c><00:13:23.310><c> of</c><00:13:23.400><c> put</c><00:13:23.550><c> them</c><00:13:23.670><c> even</c><00:13:24.080><c> you</c><00:13:25.080><c> can</c>

00:13:25.190 --> 00:13:25.200 align:start position:0%
we can kind of put them even you can
 

00:13:25.200 --> 00:13:27.290 align:start position:0%
we can kind of put them even you can
kind<00:13:25.350><c> of</c><00:13:25.380><c> compose</c><00:13:25.740><c> these</c><00:13:26.040><c> data</c><00:13:26.280><c> structures</c><00:13:26.580><c> so</c>

00:13:27.290 --> 00:13:27.300 align:start position:0%
kind of compose these data structures so
 

00:13:27.300 --> 00:13:29.450 align:start position:0%
kind of compose these data structures so
here's<00:13:28.230><c> another</c><00:13:28.380><c> example</c><00:13:28.500><c> of</c><00:13:29.040><c> an</c><00:13:29.160><c> attestation</c>

00:13:29.450 --> 00:13:29.460 align:start position:0%
here's another example of an attestation
 

00:13:29.460 --> 00:13:32.900 align:start position:0%
here's another example of an attestation
data<00:13:30.060><c> which</c><00:13:30.330><c> uses</c><00:13:30.870><c> a</c><00:13:31.220><c> checkpoint</c><00:13:32.220><c> and</c><00:13:32.610><c> uses</c><00:13:32.880><c> a</c>

00:13:32.900 --> 00:13:32.910 align:start position:0%
data which uses a checkpoint and uses a
 

00:13:32.910 --> 00:13:36.770 align:start position:0%
data which uses a checkpoint and uses a
cross<00:13:33.150><c> link</c><00:13:33.450><c> and</c><00:13:33.720><c> so</c><00:13:34.710><c> you</c><00:13:34.800><c> can</c><00:13:35.780><c> because</c>

00:13:36.770 --> 00:13:36.780 align:start position:0%
cross link and so you can because
 

00:13:36.780 --> 00:13:40.280 align:start position:0%
cross link and so you can because
fingers<00:13:37.170><c> are</c><00:13:38.150><c> built</c><00:13:39.150><c> out</c><00:13:39.270><c> systematically</c><00:13:39.990><c> it</c>

00:13:40.280 --> 00:13:40.290 align:start position:0%
fingers are built out systematically it
 

00:13:40.290 --> 00:13:42.380 align:start position:0%
fingers are built out systematically it
makes<00:13:40.470><c> it</c><00:13:40.620><c> very</c><00:13:40.740><c> easy</c><00:13:40.860><c> to</c><00:13:41.250><c> if</c><00:13:42.000><c> you</c><00:13:42.180><c> want</c><00:13:42.330><c> to</c>

00:13:42.380 --> 00:13:42.390 align:start position:0%
makes it very easy to if you want to
 

00:13:42.390 --> 00:13:43.820 align:start position:0%
makes it very easy to if you want to
think<00:13:42.540><c> about</c><00:13:42.690><c> the</c><00:13:42.840><c> proofs</c><00:13:43.350><c> that</c><00:13:43.470><c> we</c><00:13:43.590><c> kind</c><00:13:43.800><c> of</c>

00:13:43.820 --> 00:13:43.830 align:start position:0%
think about the proofs that we kind of
 

00:13:43.830 --> 00:13:45.200 align:start position:0%
think about the proofs that we kind of
went<00:13:43.950><c> over</c><00:13:44.160><c> earlier</c><00:13:44.190><c> it</c><00:13:44.760><c> makes</c><00:13:44.940><c> it</c><00:13:45.030><c> very</c><00:13:45.090><c> easy</c>

00:13:45.200 --> 00:13:45.210 align:start position:0%
went over earlier it makes it very easy
 

00:13:45.210 --> 00:13:47.240 align:start position:0%
went over earlier it makes it very easy
to<00:13:45.510><c> be</c><00:13:45.930><c> able</c><00:13:45.990><c> to</c><00:13:46.170><c> traverse</c><00:13:46.470><c> the</c><00:13:46.620><c> tree</c><00:13:46.770><c> and</c>

00:13:47.240 --> 00:13:47.250 align:start position:0%
to be able to traverse the tree and
 

00:13:47.250 --> 00:13:52.160 align:start position:0%
to be able to traverse the tree and
create<00:13:48.090><c> approved</c><00:13:48.420><c> for</c><00:13:49.190><c> any</c><00:13:50.360><c> sub</c><00:13:51.360><c> element</c><00:13:51.990><c> of</c>

00:13:52.160 --> 00:13:52.170 align:start position:0%
create approved for any sub element of
 

00:13:52.170 --> 00:13:53.450 align:start position:0%
create approved for any sub element of
the<00:13:52.380><c> data</c><00:13:52.560><c> structure</c><00:13:52.920><c> and</c><00:13:53.070><c> things</c><00:13:53.190><c> good</c>

00:13:53.450 --> 00:13:53.460 align:start position:0%
the data structure and things good
 

00:13:53.460 --> 00:13:55.880 align:start position:0%
the data structure and things good
things<00:13:53.730><c> can</c><00:13:54.360><c> get</c><00:13:54.450><c> really</c><00:13:54.720><c> see</c><00:13:55.020><c> structures</c><00:13:55.620><c> and</c>

00:13:55.880 --> 00:13:55.890 align:start position:0%
things can get really see structures and
 

00:13:55.890 --> 00:13:57.590 align:start position:0%
things can get really see structures and
we<00:13:55.950><c> have</c><00:13:56.040><c> really</c><00:13:56.280><c> really</c><00:13:56.310><c> nested</c><00:13:56.940><c> in</c><00:13:57.390><c> the</c>

00:13:57.590 --> 00:13:57.600 align:start position:0%
we have really really nested in the
 

00:13:57.600 --> 00:14:00.980 align:start position:0%
we have really really nested in the
etherium<00:13:57.930><c> tool</c><00:13:58.140><c> so</c><00:13:58.760><c> we</c><00:13:59.760><c> you</c><00:14:00.000><c> know</c><00:14:00.090><c> we</c><00:14:00.120><c> have</c><00:14:00.390><c> we</c>

00:14:00.980 --> 00:14:00.990 align:start position:0%
etherium tool so we you know we have we
 

00:14:00.990 --> 00:14:04.220 align:start position:0%
etherium tool so we you know we have we
put<00:14:01.650><c> merkel</c><00:14:02.220><c> roots</c><00:14:02.490><c> within</c><00:14:03.420><c> a</c><00:14:03.570><c> lot</c><00:14:04.020><c> of</c><00:14:04.140><c> these</c>

00:14:04.220 --> 00:14:04.230 align:start position:0%
put merkel roots within a lot of these
 

00:14:04.230 --> 00:14:05.690 align:start position:0%
put merkel roots within a lot of these
data<00:14:04.440><c> structures</c><00:14:04.860><c> so</c><00:14:04.980><c> we</c><00:14:05.010><c> can</c><00:14:05.190><c> leave</c><00:14:05.310><c> eaten</c>

00:14:05.690 --> 00:14:05.700 align:start position:0%
data structures so we can leave eaten
 

00:14:05.700 --> 00:14:07.910 align:start position:0%
data structures so we can leave eaten
blocks<00:14:05.910><c> to</c><00:14:06.150><c> our</c><00:14:06.210><c> beacon</c><00:14:06.480><c> state</c><00:14:06.720><c> we</c><00:14:07.500><c> can</c><00:14:07.680><c> leave</c>

00:14:07.910 --> 00:14:07.920 align:start position:0%
blocks to our beacon state we can leave
 

00:14:07.920 --> 00:14:10.460 align:start position:0%
blocks to our beacon state we can leave
our<00:14:08.310><c> beacon</c><00:14:08.520><c> state</c><00:14:08.850><c> to</c><00:14:09.030><c> beacon</c><00:14:09.330><c> blocks</c><00:14:09.570><c> trust</c>

00:14:10.460 --> 00:14:10.470 align:start position:0%
our beacon state to beacon blocks trust
 

00:14:10.470 --> 00:14:12.770 align:start position:0%
our beacon state to beacon blocks trust
certain<00:14:10.860><c> trusted</c><00:14:11.160><c> be</c><00:14:11.280><c> new</c><00:14:11.430><c> blocks</c><00:14:11.690><c> we</c><00:14:12.690><c> can</c>

00:14:12.770 --> 00:14:12.780 align:start position:0%
certain trusted be new blocks we can
 

00:14:12.780 --> 00:14:14.570 align:start position:0%
certain trusted be new blocks we can
link<00:14:12.990><c> our</c><00:14:13.140><c> chard</c><00:14:13.410><c> blocks</c><00:14:13.680><c> to</c><00:14:14.010><c> ethan</c><00:14:14.370><c> blocks</c>

00:14:14.570 --> 00:14:14.580 align:start position:0%
link our chard blocks to ethan blocks
 

00:14:14.580 --> 00:14:18.860 align:start position:0%
link our chard blocks to ethan blocks
and<00:14:14.940><c> so</c><00:14:16.190><c> you</c><00:14:17.190><c> can</c><00:14:17.340><c> imagine</c><00:14:17.820><c> like</c><00:14:17.970><c> sitting</c><00:14:18.750><c> like</c>

00:14:18.860 --> 00:14:18.870 align:start position:0%
and so you can imagine like sitting like
 

00:14:18.870 --> 00:14:21.890 align:start position:0%
and so you can imagine like sitting like
the<00:14:18.990><c> data</c><00:14:19.200><c> route</c><00:14:19.500><c> within</c><00:14:20.250><c> this</c><00:14:21.060><c> prospect</c><00:14:21.630><c> here</c>

00:14:21.890 --> 00:14:21.900 align:start position:0%
the data route within this prospect here
 

00:14:21.900 --> 00:14:23.519 align:start position:0%
the data route within this prospect here
that<00:14:22.290><c> data</c><00:14:22.560><c> route</c><00:14:22.830><c> is</c><00:14:23.040><c> actually</c>

00:14:23.519 --> 00:14:23.529 align:start position:0%
that data route is actually
 

00:14:23.529 --> 00:14:25.710 align:start position:0%
that data route is actually
of<00:14:24.220><c> some</c><00:14:24.490><c> other</c><00:14:24.639><c> NATO</c><00:14:24.910><c> which</c><00:14:25.180><c> you</c><00:14:25.360><c> can</c><00:14:25.540><c> then</c>

00:14:25.710 --> 00:14:25.720 align:start position:0%
of some other NATO which you can then
 

00:14:25.720 --> 00:14:28.019 align:start position:0%
of some other NATO which you can then
you<00:14:26.499><c> can</c><00:14:26.649><c> imagine</c><00:14:26.860><c> there</c><00:14:27.189><c> being</c><00:14:27.220><c> a</c><00:14:27.459><c> tree</c><00:14:27.699><c> below</c>

00:14:28.019 --> 00:14:28.029 align:start position:0%
you can imagine there being a tree below
 

00:14:28.029 --> 00:14:31.079 align:start position:0%
you can imagine there being a tree below
that<00:14:28.589><c> and</c><00:14:29.589><c> then</c><00:14:29.800><c> so</c><00:14:30.009><c> you</c><00:14:30.100><c> can</c><00:14:30.249><c> you</c><00:14:30.699><c> can</c><00:14:30.759><c> end</c><00:14:30.999><c> up</c>

00:14:31.079 --> 00:14:31.089 align:start position:0%
that and then so you can you can end up
 

00:14:31.089 --> 00:14:34.829 align:start position:0%
that and then so you can you can end up
navigating<00:14:31.720><c> down</c><00:14:31.839><c> this</c><00:14:32.019><c> tree</c><00:14:33.569><c> further</c><00:14:34.569><c> and</c>

00:14:34.829 --> 00:14:34.839 align:start position:0%
navigating down this tree further and
 

00:14:34.839 --> 00:14:37.619 align:start position:0%
navigating down this tree further and
further<00:14:34.990><c> maybe</c><00:14:35.470><c> the</c><00:14:35.980><c> past</c><00:14:36.220><c> or</c><00:14:36.790><c> into</c><00:14:36.999><c> a</c><00:14:37.120><c> shard</c>

00:14:37.619 --> 00:14:37.629 align:start position:0%
further maybe the past or into a shard
 

00:14:37.629 --> 00:14:41.429 align:start position:0%
further maybe the past or into a shard
or<00:14:38.970><c> back</c><00:14:39.970><c> into</c><00:14:40.360><c> the</c><00:14:40.449><c> b2</c><00:14:40.749><c> in</c><00:14:40.959><c> shape</c>

00:14:41.429 --> 00:14:41.439 align:start position:0%
or back into the b2 in shape
 

00:14:41.439 --> 00:14:43.199 align:start position:0%
or back into the b2 in shape
so<00:14:41.589><c> we've</c><00:14:42.189><c> like</c><00:14:42.339><c> designed</c><00:14:42.699><c> this</c><00:14:42.879><c> in</c><00:14:42.999><c> a</c><00:14:43.089><c> way</c>

00:14:43.199 --> 00:14:43.209 align:start position:0%
so we've like designed this in a way
 

00:14:43.209 --> 00:14:45.720 align:start position:0%
so we've like designed this in a way
where<00:14:43.290><c> it's</c><00:14:44.290><c> we</c><00:14:44.860><c> try</c><00:14:45.069><c> to</c><00:14:45.129><c> make</c><00:14:45.249><c> it</c><00:14:45.339><c> as</c><00:14:45.430><c> friendly</c>

00:14:45.720 --> 00:14:45.730 align:start position:0%
where it's we try to make it as friendly
 

00:14:45.730 --> 00:14:47.759 align:start position:0%
where it's we try to make it as friendly
as<00:14:45.819><c> possible</c><00:14:45.879><c> to</c><00:14:46.389><c> be</c><00:14:46.600><c> able</c><00:14:46.660><c> to</c><00:14:46.779><c> create</c><00:14:47.019><c> these</c>

00:14:47.759 --> 00:14:47.769 align:start position:0%
as possible to be able to create these
 

00:14:47.769 --> 00:14:50.489 align:start position:0%
as possible to be able to create these
proofs<00:14:48.309><c> that</c><00:14:48.579><c> can</c><00:14:48.790><c> take</c><00:14:49.389><c> you</c><00:14:49.600><c> where</c><00:14:50.079><c> you</c><00:14:50.290><c> need</c>

00:14:50.489 --> 00:14:50.499 align:start position:0%
proofs that can take you where you need
 

00:14:50.499 --> 00:14:52.949 align:start position:0%
proofs that can take you where you need
to<00:14:50.529><c> go</c><00:14:50.939><c> where</c><00:14:51.939><c> wherever</c><00:14:52.269><c> you</c><00:14:52.480><c> need</c><00:14:52.600><c> to</c><00:14:52.689><c> go</c><00:14:52.839><c> to</c>

00:14:52.949 --> 00:14:52.959 align:start position:0%
to go where wherever you need to go to
 

00:14:52.959 --> 00:14:59.009 align:start position:0%
to go where wherever you need to go to
some<00:14:53.759><c> place</c><00:14:54.759><c> in</c><00:14:55.269><c> the</c><00:14:55.449><c> chain</c><00:14:57.629><c> so</c><00:14:58.629><c> with</c><00:14:58.749><c> that</c><00:14:58.870><c> we</c>

00:14:59.009 --> 00:14:59.019 align:start position:0%
some place in the chain so with that we
 

00:14:59.019 --> 00:15:00.350 align:start position:0%
some place in the chain so with that we
can<00:14:59.139><c> kind</c><00:14:59.319><c> of</c><00:14:59.379><c> you</c><00:14:59.559><c> can</c><00:14:59.649><c> start</c><00:14:59.829><c> finally</c>

00:15:00.350 --> 00:15:00.360 align:start position:0%
can kind of you can start finally
 

00:15:00.360 --> 00:15:03.299 align:start position:0%
can kind of you can start finally
finally<00:15:01.360><c> get</c><00:15:01.509><c> to</c><00:15:01.689><c> the</c><00:15:01.990><c> into</c><00:15:02.439><c> light</c><00:15:03.069><c> light</c>

00:15:03.299 --> 00:15:03.309 align:start position:0%
finally get to the into light light
 

00:15:03.309 --> 00:15:08.210 align:start position:0%
finally get to the into light light
itself<00:15:04.649><c> so</c><00:15:05.649><c> let's</c><00:15:05.769><c> start</c><00:15:05.920><c> with</c><00:15:06.009><c> syncing</c><00:15:06.850><c> so</c>

00:15:08.210 --> 00:15:08.220 align:start position:0%
itself so let's start with syncing so
 

00:15:08.220 --> 00:15:11.389 align:start position:0%
itself so let's start with syncing so
you<00:15:09.220><c> kind</c><00:15:10.209><c> of</c><00:15:10.269><c> looked</c><00:15:10.720><c> at</c><00:15:10.870><c> the</c><00:15:11.019><c> proof-of-work</c>

00:15:11.389 --> 00:15:11.399 align:start position:0%
you kind of looked at the proof-of-work
 

00:15:11.399 --> 00:15:13.530 align:start position:0%
you kind of looked at the proof-of-work
model<00:15:12.399><c> of</c><00:15:12.490><c> syncing</c><00:15:12.819><c> which</c><00:15:12.939><c> is</c><00:15:13.059><c> download</c><00:15:13.449><c> all</c>

00:15:13.530 --> 00:15:13.540 align:start position:0%
model of syncing which is download all
 

00:15:13.540 --> 00:15:15.389 align:start position:0%
model of syncing which is download all
the<00:15:13.660><c> headers</c><00:15:13.839><c> and</c><00:15:13.959><c> then</c><00:15:14.290><c> process</c><00:15:15.040><c> header</c><00:15:15.220><c> is</c>

00:15:15.389 --> 00:15:15.399 align:start position:0%
the headers and then process header is
 

00:15:15.399 --> 00:15:20.670 align:start position:0%
the headers and then process header is
one<00:15:15.610><c> by</c><00:15:15.759><c> one</c><00:15:16.860><c> so</c><00:15:18.870><c> what</c><00:15:19.870><c> we</c><00:15:19.990><c> need</c><00:15:20.139><c> to</c><00:15:20.230><c> do</c><00:15:20.350><c> here</c><00:15:20.559><c> is</c>

00:15:20.670 --> 00:15:20.680 align:start position:0%
one by one so what we need to do here is
 

00:15:20.680 --> 00:15:23.009 align:start position:0%
one by one so what we need to do here is
we<00:15:20.800><c> can</c><00:15:20.829><c> think</c><00:15:21.100><c> how</c><00:15:22.029><c> can</c><00:15:22.569><c> we</c><00:15:22.720><c> get</c><00:15:22.899><c> these</c>

00:15:23.009 --> 00:15:23.019 align:start position:0%
we can think how can we get these
 

00:15:23.019 --> 00:15:25.710 align:start position:0%
we can think how can we get these
trusted<00:15:23.620><c> merkel</c><00:15:24.430><c> routes</c><00:15:24.639><c> in</c><00:15:24.939><c> our</c><00:15:25.480><c> proven</c>

00:15:25.710 --> 00:15:25.720 align:start position:0%
trusted merkel routes in our proven
 

00:15:25.720 --> 00:15:29.970 align:start position:0%
trusted merkel routes in our proven
state<00:15:26.589><c> system</c><00:15:27.449><c> and</c><00:15:28.449><c> can</c><00:15:29.170><c> we</c><00:15:29.259><c> do</c><00:15:29.350><c> this</c><00:15:29.470><c> simply</c>

00:15:29.970 --> 00:15:29.980 align:start position:0%
state system and can we do this simply
 

00:15:29.980 --> 00:15:33.629 align:start position:0%
state system and can we do this simply
so<00:15:30.399><c> smaller</c><00:15:31.180><c> a</c><00:15:31.720><c> small</c><00:15:32.290><c> runnin</c><00:15:32.559><c> data</c><00:15:32.740><c> to</c><00:15:33.490><c> our</c>

00:15:33.629 --> 00:15:33.639 align:start position:0%
so smaller a small runnin data to our
 

00:15:33.639 --> 00:15:34.079 align:start position:0%
so smaller a small runnin data to our
steps

00:15:34.079 --> 00:15:34.089 align:start position:0%
steps
 

00:15:34.089 --> 00:15:40.829 align:start position:0%
steps
that's<00:15:34.329><c> better</c><00:15:35.819><c> for</c><00:15:36.819><c> our</c><00:15:36.970><c> life</c><00:15:37.149><c> ideas</c><00:15:39.839><c> but</c>

00:15:40.829 --> 00:15:40.839 align:start position:0%
that's better for our life ideas but
 

00:15:40.839 --> 00:15:44.850 align:start position:0%
that's better for our life ideas but
what<00:15:41.079><c> is</c><00:15:41.199><c> trusted</c><00:15:41.649><c> well</c><00:15:42.329><c> trust</c><00:15:43.329><c> it</c><00:15:43.540><c> is</c><00:15:43.860><c> our</c>

00:15:44.850 --> 00:15:44.860 align:start position:0%
what is trusted well trust it is our
 

00:15:44.860 --> 00:15:47.069 align:start position:0%
what is trusted well trust it is our
roots<00:15:45.189><c> that</c><00:15:45.459><c> are</c><00:15:45.519><c> attested</c><00:15:46.420><c> by</c><00:15:46.569><c> a</c><00:15:46.600><c> certain</c>

00:15:47.069 --> 00:15:47.079 align:start position:0%
roots that are attested by a certain
 

00:15:47.079 --> 00:15:49.410 align:start position:0%
roots that are attested by a certain
amount<00:15:47.139><c> of</c><00:15:47.649><c> stake</c><00:15:47.889><c> two-thirds</c><00:15:48.550><c> roughly</c><00:15:49.209><c> I</c>

00:15:49.410 --> 00:15:49.420 align:start position:0%
amount of stake two-thirds roughly I
 

00:15:49.420 --> 00:15:53.189 align:start position:0%
amount of stake two-thirds roughly I
mean<00:15:50.550><c> but</c><00:15:51.550><c> the</c><00:15:51.699><c> state's</c><00:15:52.000><c> the</c><00:15:52.420><c> stake</c><00:15:52.750><c> two</c><00:15:52.959><c> votes</c>

00:15:53.189 --> 00:15:53.199 align:start position:0%
mean but the state's the stake two votes
 

00:15:53.199 --> 00:15:56.340 align:start position:0%
mean but the state's the stake two votes
give<00:15:53.559><c> way</c><00:15:53.800><c> today</c><00:15:54.309><c> so</c><00:15:54.699><c> we</c><00:15:54.819><c> need</c><00:15:54.850><c> to</c><00:15:55.180><c> make</c><00:15:56.079><c> sure</c>

00:15:56.340 --> 00:15:56.350 align:start position:0%
give way today so we need to make sure
 

00:15:56.350 --> 00:15:58.790 align:start position:0%
give way today so we need to make sure
that<00:15:56.529><c> the</c><00:15:56.649><c> roots</c><00:15:56.860><c> that</c><00:15:57.040><c> we're</c><00:15:57.160><c> getting</c><00:15:57.720><c> are</c>

00:15:58.790 --> 00:15:58.800 align:start position:0%
that the roots that we're getting are
 

00:15:58.800 --> 00:16:06.210 align:start position:0%
that the roots that we're getting are
roots<00:15:59.800><c> that</c><00:16:00.670><c> means</c><00:16:01.000><c> something</c><00:16:02.699><c> so</c><00:16:05.100><c> you</c><00:16:06.100><c> can</c>

00:16:06.210 --> 00:16:06.220 align:start position:0%
roots that means something so you can
 

00:16:06.220 --> 00:16:08.699 align:start position:0%
roots that means something so you can
kind<00:16:06.399><c> of</c><00:16:06.429><c> think</c><00:16:06.490><c> of</c><00:16:06.639><c> two</c><00:16:06.819><c> key</c><00:16:07.360><c> insights</c><00:16:07.870><c> that</c>

00:16:08.699 --> 00:16:08.709 align:start position:0%
kind of think of two key insights that
 

00:16:08.709 --> 00:16:12.629 align:start position:0%
kind of think of two key insights that
kind<00:16:09.309><c> of</c><00:16:09.339><c> change</c><00:16:09.839><c> how</c><00:16:10.839><c> we</c><00:16:10.899><c> can</c><00:16:11.410><c> progress</c><00:16:12.100><c> and</c>

00:16:12.629 --> 00:16:12.639 align:start position:0%
kind of change how we can progress and
 

00:16:12.639 --> 00:16:16.379 align:start position:0%
kind of change how we can progress and
in<00:16:13.149><c> Sinking</c><00:16:13.750><c> so</c><00:16:14.230><c> one</c><00:16:14.529><c> is</c><00:16:15.089><c> instead</c><00:16:16.089><c> of</c><00:16:16.209><c> sinking</c>

00:16:16.379 --> 00:16:16.389 align:start position:0%
in Sinking so one is instead of sinking
 

00:16:16.389 --> 00:16:18.990 align:start position:0%
in Sinking so one is instead of sinking
headers<00:16:16.779><c> by</c><00:16:16.959><c> half</c><00:16:17.170><c> by</c><00:16:17.500><c> hashing</c><00:16:18.100><c> one</c><00:16:18.309><c> one</c><00:16:18.819><c> by</c>

00:16:18.990 --> 00:16:19.000 align:start position:0%
headers by half by hashing one one by
 

00:16:19.000 --> 00:16:22.460 align:start position:0%
headers by half by hashing one one by
one<00:16:19.029><c> and</c><00:16:19.540><c> progressing</c><00:16:20.309><c> just</c><00:16:21.309><c> one</c><00:16:21.610><c> at</c><00:16:21.759><c> a</c><00:16:21.879><c> time</c>

00:16:22.460 --> 00:16:22.470 align:start position:0%
one and progressing just one at a time
 

00:16:22.470 --> 00:16:27.150 align:start position:0%
one and progressing just one at a time
we<00:16:23.470><c> can</c><00:16:23.740><c> use</c><00:16:24.149><c> state</c><00:16:25.149><c> to</c><00:16:25.360><c> vote</c><00:16:25.620><c> we</c><00:16:26.620><c> can</c><00:16:26.800><c> use</c><00:16:26.980><c> the</c>

00:16:27.150 --> 00:16:27.160 align:start position:0%
we can use state to vote we can use the
 

00:16:27.160 --> 00:16:32.360 align:start position:0%
we can use state to vote we can use the
snake<00:16:29.009><c> to</c><00:16:30.009><c> skip</c><00:16:30.249><c> ahead</c><00:16:30.370><c> to</c><00:16:30.850><c> the</c><00:16:30.970><c> current</c><00:16:31.689><c> trust</c>

00:16:32.360 --> 00:16:32.370 align:start position:0%
snake to skip ahead to the current trust
 

00:16:32.370 --> 00:16:34.579 align:start position:0%
snake to skip ahead to the current trust
header<00:16:32.580><c> without</c><00:16:33.450><c> having</c><00:16:33.750><c> to</c><00:16:33.839><c> verify</c><00:16:34.260><c> every</c>

00:16:34.579 --> 00:16:34.589 align:start position:0%
header without having to verify every
 

00:16:34.589 --> 00:16:37.790 align:start position:0%
header without having to verify every
single<00:16:35.040><c> header</c><00:16:35.279><c> one</c><00:16:35.520><c> by</c><00:16:35.670><c> one</c><00:16:36.260><c> so</c><00:16:37.260><c> instead</c>

00:16:37.790 --> 00:16:37.800 align:start position:0%
single header one by one so instead
 

00:16:37.800 --> 00:16:39.290 align:start position:0%
single header one by one so instead
instead<00:16:38.310><c> of</c><00:16:38.550><c> using</c><00:16:38.760><c> kind</c><00:16:39.060><c> of</c><00:16:39.120><c> the</c>

00:16:39.290 --> 00:16:39.300 align:start position:0%
instead of using kind of the
 

00:16:39.300 --> 00:16:44.870 align:start position:0%
instead of using kind of the
cryptographic<00:16:41.779><c> trust</c><00:16:42.779><c> of</c><00:16:43.190><c> each</c><00:16:44.190><c> header</c><00:16:44.550><c> being</c>

00:16:44.870 --> 00:16:44.880 align:start position:0%
cryptographic trust of each header being
 

00:16:44.880 --> 00:16:47.660 align:start position:0%
cryptographic trust of each header being
of<00:16:45.570><c> each</c><00:16:46.230><c> previous</c><00:16:46.589><c> header</c><00:16:46.950><c> being</c><00:16:47.190><c> included</c>

00:16:47.660 --> 00:16:47.670 align:start position:0%
of each previous header being included
 

00:16:47.670 --> 00:16:50.120 align:start position:0%
of each previous header being included
in<00:16:47.820><c> the</c><00:16:47.940><c> next</c><00:16:48.210><c> header</c><00:16:48.360><c> we</c><00:16:49.050><c> can</c><00:16:49.260><c> instead</c><00:16:49.680><c> if</c><00:16:49.950><c> we</c>

00:16:50.120 --> 00:16:50.130 align:start position:0%
in the next header we can instead if we
 

00:16:50.130 --> 00:16:53.480 align:start position:0%
in the next header we can instead if we
if<00:16:50.400><c> we</c><00:16:50.490><c> already</c><00:16:50.820><c> know</c><00:16:51.210><c> who's</c><00:16:51.870><c> validating</c><00:16:52.500><c> we</c>

00:16:53.480 --> 00:16:53.490 align:start position:0%
if we already know who's validating we
 

00:16:53.490 --> 00:16:58.340 align:start position:0%
if we already know who's validating we
can<00:16:53.730><c> use</c><00:16:54.000><c> the</c><00:16:54.630><c> trust</c><00:16:55.880><c> we</c><00:16:56.880><c> can</c><00:16:57.089><c> we</c><00:16:57.240><c> can</c><00:16:57.420><c> use</c><00:16:57.450><c> if</c>

00:16:58.340 --> 00:16:58.350 align:start position:0%
can use the trust we can we can use if
 

00:16:58.350 --> 00:17:01.340 align:start position:0%
can use the trust we can we can use if
we<00:16:58.800><c> count</c><00:16:59.490><c> all</c><00:16:59.700><c> the</c><00:16:59.820><c> votes</c><00:16:59.850><c> we</c><00:17:00.390><c> can</c><00:17:00.570><c> jump</c><00:17:01.200><c> ahead</c>

00:17:01.340 --> 00:17:01.350 align:start position:0%
we count all the votes we can jump ahead
 

00:17:01.350 --> 00:17:06.410 align:start position:0%
we count all the votes we can jump ahead
to<00:17:02.540><c> place</c><00:17:03.800><c> much</c><00:17:04.800><c> further</c><00:17:05.040><c> than</c><00:17:05.370><c> we</c><00:17:06.059><c> don't</c><00:17:06.270><c> have</c>

00:17:06.410 --> 00:17:06.420 align:start position:0%
to place much further than we don't have
 

00:17:06.420 --> 00:17:08.750 align:start position:0%
to place much further than we don't have
to<00:17:06.540><c> go</c><00:17:06.660><c> with</c><00:17:06.870><c> one</c><00:17:07.079><c> by</c><00:17:07.230><c> one</c><00:17:07.470><c> so</c><00:17:08.130><c> if</c><00:17:08.220><c> you</c><00:17:08.280><c> imagine</c>

00:17:08.750 --> 00:17:08.760 align:start position:0%
to go with one by one so if you imagine
 

00:17:08.760 --> 00:17:11.179 align:start position:0%
to go with one by one so if you imagine
like<00:17:08.910><c> a</c><00:17:08.939><c> blockchain</c><00:17:09.240><c> where</c><00:17:09.800><c> the</c><00:17:10.800><c> validator</c>

00:17:11.179 --> 00:17:11.189 align:start position:0%
like a blockchain where the validator
 

00:17:11.189 --> 00:17:12.770 align:start position:0%
like a blockchain where the validator
has<00:17:11.309><c> never</c><00:17:11.459><c> changed</c><00:17:11.730><c> and</c><00:17:12.089><c> the</c><00:17:12.420><c> balance</c><00:17:12.689><c> has</c>

00:17:12.770 --> 00:17:12.780 align:start position:0%
has never changed and the balance has
 

00:17:12.780 --> 00:17:14.480 align:start position:0%
has never changed and the balance has
never<00:17:12.990><c> changed</c><00:17:13.199><c> yeah</c><00:17:13.530><c> we</c><00:17:13.740><c> do</c><00:17:13.890><c> everything</c><00:17:14.280><c> we</c>

00:17:14.480 --> 00:17:14.490 align:start position:0%
never changed yeah we do everything we
 

00:17:14.490 --> 00:17:16.730 align:start position:0%
never changed yeah we do everything we
did<00:17:14.640><c> we</c><00:17:15.150><c> would</c><00:17:15.300><c> be</c><00:17:15.390><c> able</c><00:17:15.510><c> to</c><00:17:15.660><c> skip</c><00:17:15.900><c> immediately</c>

00:17:16.730 --> 00:17:16.740 align:start position:0%
did we would be able to skip immediately
 

00:17:16.740 --> 00:17:20.270 align:start position:0%
did we would be able to skip immediately
to<00:17:16.920><c> the</c><00:17:17.040><c> very</c><00:17:17.579><c> head</c><00:17:17.910><c> of</c><00:17:18.150><c> the</c><00:17:18.209><c> chain</c><00:17:18.620><c> if</c><00:17:19.620><c> if</c><00:17:20.069><c> we</c>

00:17:20.270 --> 00:17:20.280 align:start position:0%
to the very head of the chain if if we
 

00:17:20.280 --> 00:17:22.460 align:start position:0%
to the very head of the chain if if we
saw<00:17:20.579><c> that</c><00:17:20.819><c> everyone</c><00:17:21.120><c> was</c><00:17:21.360><c> voting</c><00:17:21.720><c> for</c><00:17:21.750><c> that</c>

00:17:22.460 --> 00:17:22.470 align:start position:0%
saw that everyone was voting for that
 

00:17:22.470 --> 00:17:26.679 align:start position:0%
saw that everyone was voting for that
head<00:17:23.240><c> the</c><00:17:24.240><c> the</c><00:17:24.600><c> the</c><00:17:25.110><c> kind</c><00:17:25.319><c> of</c><00:17:25.350><c> the</c><00:17:25.410><c> trick</c><00:17:26.220><c> with</c>

00:17:26.679 --> 00:17:26.689 align:start position:0%
head the the the kind of the trick with
 

00:17:26.689 --> 00:17:29.419 align:start position:0%
head the the the kind of the trick with
theorem<00:17:27.689><c> two</c><00:17:27.900><c> is</c><00:17:28.110><c> that</c><00:17:28.319><c> the</c><00:17:28.860><c> validators</c><00:17:29.309><c> are</c>

00:17:29.419 --> 00:17:29.429 align:start position:0%
theorem two is that the validators are
 

00:17:29.429 --> 00:17:32.150 align:start position:0%
theorem two is that the validators are
always<00:17:29.670><c> changing</c><00:17:30.150><c> and</c><00:17:30.500><c> so</c><00:17:31.500><c> we</c><00:17:31.710><c> need</c><00:17:31.860><c> to</c><00:17:31.980><c> keep</c>

00:17:32.150 --> 00:17:32.160 align:start position:0%
always changing and so we need to keep
 

00:17:32.160 --> 00:17:34.669 align:start position:0%
always changing and so we need to keep
keeping<00:17:32.610><c> track</c><00:17:32.820><c> of</c><00:17:32.850><c> that</c><00:17:33.179><c> and</c><00:17:33.480><c> that</c><00:17:34.410><c> makes</c><00:17:34.590><c> it</c>

00:17:34.669 --> 00:17:34.679 align:start position:0%
keeping track of that and that makes it
 

00:17:34.679 --> 00:17:36.410 align:start position:0%
keeping track of that and that makes it
a<00:17:34.800><c> little</c><00:17:34.860><c> more</c><00:17:35.070><c> complicated</c><00:17:35.400><c> so</c><00:17:35.910><c> they</c><00:17:36.240><c> knew</c>

00:17:36.410 --> 00:17:36.420 align:start position:0%
a little more complicated so they knew
 

00:17:36.420 --> 00:17:38.000 align:start position:0%
a little more complicated so they knew
this<00:17:36.510><c> was</c><00:17:36.690><c> another</c><00:17:37.020><c> key</c><00:17:37.230><c> insight</c><00:17:37.559><c> which</c><00:17:37.860><c> is</c>

00:17:38.000 --> 00:17:38.010 align:start position:0%
this was another key insight which is
 

00:17:38.010 --> 00:17:40.040 align:start position:0%
this was another key insight which is
instead<00:17:38.640><c> of</c><00:17:38.700><c> tracking</c><00:17:39.090><c> all</c><00:17:39.300><c> of</c><00:17:39.330><c> the</c><00:17:39.540><c> validator</c>

00:17:40.040 --> 00:17:40.050 align:start position:0%
instead of tracking all of the validator
 

00:17:40.050 --> 00:17:43.250 align:start position:0%
instead of tracking all of the validator
balances<00:17:40.500><c> and</c><00:17:40.920><c> all</c><00:17:41.400><c> of</c><00:17:41.580><c> the</c><00:17:41.700><c> votes</c><00:17:41.960><c> if</c><00:17:42.960><c> we</c><00:17:43.110><c> can</c>

00:17:43.250 --> 00:17:43.260 align:start position:0%
balances and all of the votes if we can
 

00:17:43.260 --> 00:17:44.750 align:start position:0%
balances and all of the votes if we can
find<00:17:43.380><c> a</c><00:17:43.530><c> place</c><00:17:43.679><c> where</c><00:17:44.040><c> we</c><00:17:44.130><c> don't</c><00:17:44.309><c> have</c><00:17:44.429><c> to</c><00:17:44.580><c> do</c>

00:17:44.750 --> 00:17:44.760 align:start position:0%
find a place where we don't have to do
 

00:17:44.760 --> 00:17:46.460 align:start position:0%
find a place where we don't have to do
that<00:17:44.940><c> you</c><00:17:45.150><c> find</c><00:17:45.360><c> a</c><00:17:45.390><c> place</c><00:17:45.570><c> where</c><00:17:45.809><c> you</c><00:17:46.260><c> only</c>

00:17:46.460 --> 00:17:46.470 align:start position:0%
that you find a place where you only
 

00:17:46.470 --> 00:17:49.090 align:start position:0%
that you find a place where you only
need<00:17:46.559><c> to</c><00:17:46.740><c> track</c><00:17:46.980><c> a</c><00:17:47.220><c> few</c><00:17:47.490><c> of</c><00:17:47.970><c> the</c><00:17:48.240><c> validators</c>

00:17:49.090 --> 00:17:49.100 align:start position:0%
need to track a few of the validators
 

00:17:49.100 --> 00:17:52.820 align:start position:0%
need to track a few of the validators
then<00:17:50.100><c> that</c><00:17:50.610><c> will</c><00:17:50.790><c> really</c><00:17:51.240><c> like</c><00:17:52.230><c> lower</c><00:17:52.530><c> our</c>

00:17:52.820 --> 00:17:52.830 align:start position:0%
then that will really like lower our
 

00:17:52.830 --> 00:17:56.360 align:start position:0%
then that will really like lower our
requirements<00:17:53.460><c> for</c><00:17:54.800><c> for</c><00:17:55.800><c> keeping</c><00:17:56.160><c> track</c><00:17:56.190><c> of</c>

00:17:56.360 --> 00:17:56.370 align:start position:0%
requirements for for keeping track of
 

00:17:56.370 --> 00:18:00.680 align:start position:0%
requirements for for keeping track of
the<00:17:56.700><c> mistake</c><00:17:58.130><c> so</c><00:17:59.130><c> where</c><00:17:59.820><c> where</c><00:18:00.270><c> to</c><00:18:00.360><c> eat</c><00:18:00.510><c> to</c>

00:18:00.680 --> 00:18:00.690 align:start position:0%
the mistake so where where to eat to
 

00:18:00.690 --> 00:18:06.770 align:start position:0%
the mistake so where where to eat to
validate<00:18:01.020><c> validate</c><00:18:03.830><c> well</c><00:18:05.210><c> they</c><00:18:06.210><c> validate</c>

00:18:06.770 --> 00:18:06.780 align:start position:0%
validate validate well they validate
 

00:18:06.780 --> 00:18:10.310 align:start position:0%
validate validate well they validate
across<00:18:07.170><c> the</c><00:18:07.320><c> committees</c><00:18:08.120><c> is</c><00:18:09.120><c> one</c><00:18:09.450><c> place</c><00:18:09.630><c> it's</c>

00:18:10.310 --> 00:18:10.320 align:start position:0%
across the committees is one place it's
 

00:18:10.320 --> 00:18:12.500 align:start position:0%
across the committees is one place it's
very<00:18:10.679><c> fast</c><00:18:10.920><c> these</c><00:18:11.760><c> companies</c><00:18:12.120><c> committees</c>

00:18:12.500 --> 00:18:12.510 align:start position:0%
very fast these companies committees
 

00:18:12.510 --> 00:18:16.549 align:start position:0%
very fast these companies committees
changed<00:18:12.809><c> every</c><00:18:12.990><c> pub</c><00:18:13.820><c> and</c><00:18:14.840><c> they</c><00:18:15.840><c> saw</c><00:18:16.500><c> the</c>

00:18:16.549 --> 00:18:16.559 align:start position:0%
changed every pub and they saw the
 

00:18:16.559 --> 00:18:19.280 align:start position:0%
changed every pub and they saw the
attest<00:18:17.070><c> to</c><00:18:17.160><c> research</c><00:18:17.580><c> our</c><00:18:17.760><c> data</c><00:18:17.990><c> they</c><00:18:18.990><c> attest</c>

00:18:19.280 --> 00:18:19.290 align:start position:0%
attest to research our data they attest
 

00:18:19.290 --> 00:18:21.140 align:start position:0%
attest to research our data they attest
to<00:18:19.410><c> the</c><00:18:19.559><c> beacon</c><00:18:19.890><c> block</c><00:18:20.309><c> route</c><00:18:20.580><c> which</c><00:18:20.760><c> is</c><00:18:20.790><c> great</c>

00:18:21.140 --> 00:18:21.150 align:start position:0%
to the beacon block route which is great
 

00:18:21.150 --> 00:18:24.799 align:start position:0%
to the beacon block route which is great
but<00:18:21.860><c> that</c><00:18:22.860><c> they</c><00:18:23.190><c> actually</c><00:18:23.370><c> we</c><00:18:24.150><c> have</c><00:18:24.330><c> to</c><00:18:24.450><c> count</c>

00:18:24.799 --> 00:18:24.809 align:start position:0%
but that they actually we have to count
 

00:18:24.809 --> 00:18:26.390 align:start position:0%
but that they actually we have to count
all<00:18:24.960><c> the</c><00:18:25.020><c> votes</c><00:18:25.140><c> across</c><00:18:25.620><c> committees</c><00:18:26.190><c> and</c>

00:18:26.390 --> 00:18:26.400 align:start position:0%
all the votes across committees and
 

00:18:26.400 --> 00:18:29.260 align:start position:0%
all the votes across committees and
we're<00:18:26.490><c> in</c><00:18:26.760><c> that</c><00:18:26.940><c> case</c><00:18:27.150><c> so</c><00:18:27.780><c> that</c><00:18:27.990><c> isn't</c><00:18:28.740><c> helping</c>

00:18:29.260 --> 00:18:29.270 align:start position:0%
we're in that case so that isn't helping
 

00:18:29.270 --> 00:18:31.700 align:start position:0%
we're in that case so that isn't helping
and<00:18:30.270><c> they</c><00:18:30.390><c> have</c><00:18:30.480><c> tested</c><00:18:30.600><c> recent</c><00:18:31.050><c> check</c><00:18:31.410><c> points</c>

00:18:31.700 --> 00:18:31.710 align:start position:0%
and they have tested recent check points
 

00:18:31.710 --> 00:18:35.360 align:start position:0%
and they have tested recent check points
also<00:18:32.100><c> as</c><00:18:32.280><c> a</c><00:18:32.550><c> whole</c><00:18:33.420><c> validator</c><00:18:33.929><c> set</c><00:18:34.230><c> so</c><00:18:34.500><c> about</c>

00:18:35.360 --> 00:18:35.370 align:start position:0%
also as a whole validator set so about
 

00:18:35.370 --> 00:18:36.530 align:start position:0%
also as a whole validator set so about
the<00:18:35.520><c> prospect</c><00:18:35.880><c> committees</c><00:18:36.120><c> are</c><00:18:36.270><c> really</c><00:18:36.510><c> a</c>

00:18:36.530 --> 00:18:36.540 align:start position:0%
the prospect committees are really a
 

00:18:36.540 --> 00:18:40.580 align:start position:0%
the prospect committees are really a
great<00:18:36.780><c> place</c><00:18:38.480><c> to</c><00:18:39.480><c> like</c><00:18:39.660><c> keep</c><00:18:40.020><c> track</c><00:18:40.260><c> for</c><00:18:40.470><c> my</c>

00:18:40.580 --> 00:18:40.590 align:start position:0%
great place to like keep track for my
 

00:18:40.590 --> 00:18:41.060 align:start position:0%
great place to like keep track for my
clients

00:18:41.060 --> 00:18:41.070 align:start position:0%
clients
 

00:18:41.070 --> 00:18:43.370 align:start position:0%
clients
because<00:18:41.309><c> we</c><00:18:42.269><c> really</c><00:18:42.960><c> need</c><00:18:42.990><c> the</c><00:18:43.230><c> whole</c>

00:18:43.370 --> 00:18:43.380 align:start position:0%
because we really need the whole
 

00:18:43.380 --> 00:18:46.399 align:start position:0%
because we really need the whole
validator<00:18:43.769><c> set</c><00:18:44.389><c> and</c><00:18:45.389><c> so</c><00:18:45.809><c> they're</c><00:18:46.049><c> not</c><00:18:46.139><c> helping</c>

00:18:46.399 --> 00:18:46.409 align:start position:0%
validator set and so they're not helping
 

00:18:46.409 --> 00:18:48.620 align:start position:0%
validator set and so they're not helping
us<00:18:46.529><c> out</c><00:18:46.710><c> so</c><00:18:47.100><c> the</c><00:18:47.940><c> other</c><00:18:48.059><c> place</c><00:18:48.269><c> that</c><00:18:48.419><c> we</c><00:18:48.480><c> can</c>

00:18:48.620 --> 00:18:48.630 align:start position:0%
us out so the other place that we can
 

00:18:48.630 --> 00:18:50.600 align:start position:0%
us out so the other place that we can
look<00:18:48.779><c> these</c><00:18:49.620><c> in</c><00:18:49.740><c> the</c><00:18:49.830><c> shark</c><00:18:50.039><c> committees</c><00:18:50.399><c> and</c>

00:18:50.600 --> 00:18:50.610 align:start position:0%
look these in the shark committees and
 

00:18:50.610 --> 00:18:53.210 align:start position:0%
look these in the shark committees and
so<00:18:51.480><c> these</c><00:18:52.230><c> are</c><00:18:52.409><c> the</c><00:18:52.500><c> committees</c><00:18:52.919><c> that</c><00:18:53.159><c> are</c>

00:18:53.210 --> 00:18:53.220 align:start position:0%
so these are the committees that are
 

00:18:53.220 --> 00:18:55.909 align:start position:0%
so these are the committees that are
proposing<00:18:54.120><c> new</c><00:18:54.330><c> blocks</c><00:18:54.690><c> with</c><00:18:54.960><c> the</c><00:18:55.049><c> charts</c><00:18:55.440><c> at</c>

00:18:55.909 --> 00:18:55.919 align:start position:0%
proposing new blocks with the charts at
 

00:18:55.919 --> 00:19:00.049 align:start position:0%
proposing new blocks with the charts at
least<00:18:56.100><c> the</c><00:18:56.610><c> currents</c><00:18:56.940><c> game</c><00:18:58.009><c> and</c><00:18:59.009><c> these</c><00:18:59.759><c> only</c>

00:19:00.049 --> 00:19:00.059 align:start position:0%
least the currents game and these only
 

00:19:00.059 --> 00:19:02.269 align:start position:0%
least the currents game and these only
change<00:19:00.269><c> every</c><00:19:00.480><c> 27</c><00:19:00.929><c> hours</c><00:19:01.049><c> so</c><00:19:02.039><c> this</c><00:19:02.130><c> is</c>

00:19:02.269 --> 00:19:02.279 align:start position:0%
change every 27 hours so this is
 

00:19:02.279 --> 00:19:04.009 align:start position:0%
change every 27 hours so this is
actually<00:19:02.639><c> a</c><00:19:02.669><c> lot</c><00:19:03.000><c> better</c><00:19:03.149><c> of</c><00:19:03.360><c> a</c><00:19:03.419><c> place</c><00:19:03.659><c> for</c><00:19:03.870><c> my</c>

00:19:04.009 --> 00:19:04.019 align:start position:0%
actually a lot better of a place for my
 

00:19:04.019 --> 00:19:06.080 align:start position:0%
actually a lot better of a place for my
clients<00:19:04.409><c> because</c><00:19:04.649><c> if</c><00:19:05.130><c> we</c><00:19:05.639><c> wanted</c><00:19:05.880><c> to</c><00:19:05.970><c> keep</c>

00:19:06.080 --> 00:19:06.090 align:start position:0%
clients because if we wanted to keep
 

00:19:06.090 --> 00:19:07.580 align:start position:0%
clients because if we wanted to keep
track<00:19:06.389><c> of</c><00:19:06.600><c> the</c><00:19:06.809><c> boats</c><00:19:07.049><c> will</c><00:19:07.259><c> kind</c><00:19:07.440><c> of</c><00:19:07.470><c> keep</c>

00:19:07.580 --> 00:19:07.590 align:start position:0%
track of the boats will kind of keep
 

00:19:07.590 --> 00:19:10.220 align:start position:0%
track of the boats will kind of keep
track<00:19:07.769><c> with</c><00:19:08.250><c> alligators</c><00:19:08.759><c> those</c><00:19:09.690><c> these</c><00:19:09.990><c> things</c>

00:19:10.220 --> 00:19:10.230 align:start position:0%
track with alligators those these things
 

00:19:10.230 --> 00:19:13.820 align:start position:0%
track with alligators those these things
only<00:19:10.559><c> really</c><00:19:10.710><c> update</c><00:19:11.600><c> very</c><00:19:12.600><c> infrequently</c><00:19:13.259><c> and</c>

00:19:13.820 --> 00:19:13.830 align:start position:0%
only really update very infrequently and
 

00:19:13.830 --> 00:19:15.320 align:start position:0%
only really update very infrequently and
so<00:19:14.070><c> because</c><00:19:14.580><c> they</c><00:19:14.700><c> updated</c><00:19:15.059><c> more</c>

00:19:15.320 --> 00:19:15.330 align:start position:0%
so because they updated more
 

00:19:15.330 --> 00:19:17.450 align:start position:0%
so because they updated more
infrequently<00:19:15.809><c> that's</c><00:19:16.649><c> less</c><00:19:16.919><c> work</c><00:19:17.159><c> that</c><00:19:17.370><c> we</c>

00:19:17.450 --> 00:19:17.460 align:start position:0%
infrequently that's less work that we
 

00:19:17.460 --> 00:19:26.389 align:start position:0%
infrequently that's less work that we
need<00:19:17.610><c> to</c><00:19:17.669><c> do</c><00:19:17.879><c> as</c><00:19:18.059><c> a</c><00:19:18.450><c> life</c><00:19:18.690><c> plan</c><00:19:25.100><c> so</c><00:19:26.100><c> that</c><00:19:26.309><c> brings</c>

00:19:26.389 --> 00:19:26.399 align:start position:0%
need to do as a life plan so that brings
 

00:19:26.399 --> 00:19:31.999 align:start position:0%
need to do as a life plan so that brings
us<00:19:26.580><c> to</c><00:19:26.639><c> the</c><00:19:26.759><c> st.</c><00:19:26.970><c> protocol</c><00:19:27.500><c> so</c><00:19:30.649><c> what</c><00:19:31.649><c> we</c><00:19:31.769><c> end</c><00:19:31.919><c> up</c>

00:19:31.999 --> 00:19:32.009 align:start position:0%
us to the st. protocol so what we end up
 

00:19:32.009 --> 00:19:36.379 align:start position:0%
us to the st. protocol so what we end up
doing<00:19:32.070><c> is</c><00:19:32.639><c> we</c><00:19:33.090><c> track</c><00:19:34.190><c> we</c><00:19:35.190><c> sink</c><00:19:35.789><c> to</c><00:19:35.940><c> a</c><00:19:35.970><c> certain</c>

00:19:36.379 --> 00:19:36.389 align:start position:0%
doing is we track we sink to a certain
 

00:19:36.389 --> 00:19:45.200 align:start position:0%
doing is we track we sink to a certain
shard<00:19:37.110><c> oh</c><00:19:39.620><c> well</c><00:19:40.620><c> my</c><00:19:41.190><c> time</c><00:19:41.399><c> is</c><00:19:41.429><c> up</c><00:19:42.980><c> I</c><00:19:44.210><c> tweeted</c>

00:19:45.200 --> 00:19:45.210 align:start position:0%
shard oh well my time is up I tweeted
 

00:19:45.210 --> 00:19:48.350 align:start position:0%
shard oh well my time is up I tweeted
out<00:19:45.360><c> my</c><00:19:45.509><c> slides</c><00:19:45.809><c> and</c><00:19:46.110><c> they</c><00:19:46.940><c> cover</c><00:19:47.940><c> the</c><00:19:48.090><c> rest</c><00:19:48.240><c> of</c>

00:19:48.350 --> 00:19:48.360 align:start position:0%
out my slides and they cover the rest of
 

00:19:48.360 --> 00:19:51.259 align:start position:0%
out my slides and they cover the rest of
all<00:19:48.419><c> this</c><00:19:48.629><c> if</c><00:19:48.870><c> you</c><00:19:48.899><c> want</c><00:19:49.580><c> fun</c><00:19:50.580><c> magnifique</c><00:19:51.120><c> and</c>

00:19:51.259 --> 00:19:51.269 align:start position:0%
all this if you want fun magnifique and
 

00:19:51.269 --> 00:19:53.650 align:start position:0%
all this if you want fun magnifique and
I'll<00:19:51.360><c> put</c><00:19:51.539><c> it</c><00:19:51.570><c> in</c><00:19:51.720><c> the</c><00:19:51.960><c> packet</c><00:19:52.919><c> deep</c><00:19:53.129><c> for</c><00:19:53.370><c> this</c>

00:19:53.650 --> 00:19:53.660 align:start position:0%
I'll put it in the packet deep for this
 

00:19:53.660 --> 00:20:10.180 align:start position:0%
I'll put it in the packet deep for this
[Music]

00:20:10.180 --> 00:20:10.190 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:20:10.190 --> 00:20:40.950 align:start position:0%
 
yeah

00:20:40.950 --> 00:20:40.960 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:20:40.960 --> 00:21:33.820 align:start position:0%
 
that<00:20:41.440><c> also</c>

00:21:33.820 --> 00:21:33.830 align:start position:0%
 
 

00:21:33.830 --> 00:21:38.280 align:start position:0%
 
[Applause]